Carbon Dioxide Storage: Geological Security and Environmental Issues - Case Study on the Sleipner Gas Field in Norway

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is one option for mitigatining atmospheric emissions of carbon dioxide and thereby contributes in actions for stabilization of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Carbon dioxide storage in geological formations has been in practice since early 1970s. Information and experience gained from the injection and/or storage of CO2 from a large number of existing enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects indicate that it is feasible to safely store CO2 in geological formations as a CO2 mitigation option. Industrial analogues, including underground natural gas storage projects around the world and acid gas injection projects, provide additional indications that CO2 can be safely injected and stored at well-characterized and properly managed sites. Geological storage of CO2 is in practice today beneath the North Sea, where nearly 1 MtCO2 has been successfully injected annually in the Utsira formation at the Sleipner Gas Field since 1996. The site is well characterized and the CO 2 injection process was monitored using

[1]  E. F. Gilman,et al.  Landfill Gas, What It Does to Trees, and How Its Injurious Effects May Be Prevented , 1981, Arboriculture & Urban Forestry.

[2]  Manabu Takahashi,et al.  Self-trapping mechanisms of carbon dioxide in the aquifer disposal , 1995 .

[3]  P. M. Oen.  THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREATER GORGON GAS FIELDS , 2003 .

[4]  John Bradshaw,et al.  Storage retention time of CO2 in sedimentary basing; Examples from petroleum systems , 2005 .

[5]  C. Doughty,et al.  Modeling Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Injection in Heterogeneous Porous Media , 2004, Vadose Zone Journal.

[6]  D. B. Stewart,et al.  The IEA Weyburn CO2 Monitoring and Storage Project , 2003 .

[7]  G. Michael Hoversten,et al.  Pressure and fluid saturation prediction in a multicomponent reservoir, using combined seismic and electromagnetic imaging , 2002 .

[8]  Stefan Bachu,et al.  In Situ Characteristics of Acid-Gas Injection Operations in the Alberta Basin, Western Canada: Demonstration of CO2 Geological Storage , 2005 .

[9]  Frank B. Walton,et al.  Geological storage of CO2: A statistical approach to assessing performance and risk , 2005 .

[10]  Andy Chadwick,et al.  Calibrating reservoir performance with time-lapse seismic monitoring and flow simulations of the Sleipner CO2 plume , 2006 .

[11]  Peter Tingate,et al.  CARBON DIOXIDE AND CARBONATE CEMENTS IN THE OTWAY BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CARBON DIOXIDE , 2004 .

[12]  Karsten Pruess,et al.  Reactive geochemical transport simulation to study mineral trapping for CO2 disposal in deep arenaceous formations , 2003 .

[13]  K. Pruess,et al.  TOUGH2 User's Guide Version 2 , 1999 .

[14]  S. Stevens.  Natural Analogs for Geologic Storage of CO 2 : An Integrated Global Research Program , 2001 .

[15]  B. Metz.  IPCC special report on carbon dioxide capture and storage , 2005 .

[16]  D. Dewhurst,et al.  Permeability and fluid flow in natural mudstones , 1999, Geological Society, London, Special Publications.

[17]  David W Keith,et al.  Regulating the ultimate sink: managing the risks of geologic CO2 storage. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[18]  Rick Chalaturnyk,et al.  Geological storage of CO2: Time frames, monitoring and verification , 2005 .

[19]  Teresa Ferreira,et al.  Experimental monitoring of carbon dioxide by low power IR-sensors: soil degassing in the Furnas Volcanic Centre, Azores , 1999 .

[20]  Richard R. Hillis,et al.  Assessing a basin's potential for geological sequestration of carbon dioxide: an example from the Mesozoic of the Petrel Sub-basin, NW Australia , 2002 .

[21]  W. Gunter,et al.  Aquifer disposal of acid gases: modelling of water–rock reactions for trapping of acid wastes , 2000 .

[22]  Roger D. Shew,et al.  A Giant Carbon Dioxide Accumulation in the Norphlet Formation, Pisgah Anticline, Mississippi , 1990 .

[23]  K. Yamazaki,et al.  Subsurface CO2 Disposal with Enhanced Gas Recovery and Biogeochemical Carbon Recycling , 2001 .

[24]  Stefan Bachu,et al.  Aquifer disposal of CO2: Hydrodynamic and mineral trapping , 1994 .

[25]  Kent Perry,et al.  Natural Gas Storage Industry Experience and Technology: Potential Application to CO2 Geological Storage , 2005 .

[26]  O. Eiken,et al.  4D seismic quantification of a growing CO2 plume at Sleipner, North Sea , 2005 .

[27]  C. Marchetti.  On geoengineering and the CO2 problem , 1977 .

[28]  Shinji Tamura,et al.  A CO2 sensor based on a Sc3+ conducting Sc1/3Zr2(PO4)3 solid electrolyte , 2001 .

[29]  T. Torp,et al.  Demonstrating Storage of CO_2 in Geological Reservoirs : the Sleipner and SACS Projects , 2002 .

[30]  Ola Eiken,et al.  Seismic Monitoring of CO2 Injected Into a Marine Acquifer , 2000 .

[31]  Tore A. Torp,et al.  CO2 underground storage costs as experienced at Sleipner and Weyburn , 2005 .

[32]  S. Brennan,et al.  Specific sequestration volumes; a useful tool for CO 2 storage capacity assessment , 2003 .

[33]  Robert T. Menzies,et al.  Laser absorption spectrometer concept for global-scale observations of atmospheric carbon dioxide , 2001 .

[34]  Jan M. Nordbotten,et al.  Injection and Storage of CO2 in Deep Saline Aquifers: Analytical Solution for CO2 Plume Evolution During Injection , 2005 .

[35]  William D. Gunter,et al.  Aquifer disposal of CO2-rich gases: Reaction design for added capacity , 1993 .

[36]  Olaf Michelsen,et al.  Stratigraphy and facies distribution of the Utsira formation and the Pliocene sequences in the northern North Sea , 1997 .

[37]  Tore A. Torp,et al.  Demonstrating storage of CO2 in geological reservoirs: The Sleipner and SACS projects , 2004 .

[38]  S. Holloway,et al.  THE UTSIRA SAND, CENTRAL NORTH SEA – AN ASSESSMENT OF ITS POTENTIAL FOR REGIONAL CO2 DISPOSAL , 2000 .

[39]  Matthew Flett,et al.  Heterogeneous saline formations: Long-term benefits for geo-sequestration of greenhouse gases , 2005 .

[40]  W. Whitman,et al.  Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[41]  Richard R. Hillis,et al.  Building geomechanical models for the safe underground storage of carbon dioxide in porous rock , 2003 .

[42]  Magoon.  The petroleum system , 1989 .

[43]  W. Marzocchi,et al.  Continuous monitoring of CO 2 soil diffuse degassing at Phlegraean Fields (Italy): influence of environmental and volcanic parameters , 2003 .

[44]  P. Bergmo,et al.  The Long-Term Fate of CO2 Injected into an Aquifer , 2003 .

[45]  S. Shapiro,et al.  Estimating the crust permeability from fluid-injection-induced seismic emission at the KTB site , 1997 .

[46]  Triveni Rajashekhar Mandlimath,et al.  Inorganic Geochemistry , 2022, Geochemistry.

[47]  Anthony R. Kovscek,et al.  SCREENING CRITERIA FOR CO2 STORAGE IN OIL RESERVOIRS , 2002 .

[48]  Moid U. Ahmad,et al.  Earthquakes, injection wells, and the Perry Nuclear Power Plant, Cleveland, Ohio , 1988 .

[49]  Edward M. Winter,et al.  Disposal of power plant CO2 in depleted oil and gas reservoirs in Texas , 1997 .

[50]  Fedora Quattrocchi,et al.  A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Research: Implementation of a Geochemical Geographic Information System for the Gargano Site, Southern Italy , 1999 .

[51]  Erik Lindeberg,et al.  Vertical convection in an aquifer column under a gas cap of CO2 , 1997 .

[52]  R. Chalaturnyk,et al.  Are Disused Hydrocarbon Reservoirs Safe for Geological Storage of CO2 , 2003 .

[53]  S. Bachu.  Screening and ranking of sedimentary basins for sequestration of CO2 in geological media in response to climate change , 2003 .

[54]  Peter Molnar,et al.  Efficiency, stress drop, apparent stress, effective stress, and frictional stress of Denver, Colorado, earthquakes , 1972 .

[55]  Peter V. Hobbs,et al.  Airborne measurements of particle and gas emissions from the 1990 volcanic eruptions of Mount Redoubt , 1991 .

[56]  C. Tsang,et al.  A study of caprock hydromechanical changes associated with CO2-injection into a brine formation , 2002 .

[57]  W. Gunter,et al.  Aquifer disposal of CO2-rich greenhouse gases: Extension of the time scale of experiment for CO2-sequestering reactions by geochemical modelling , 1997 .

[58]  R. Klusman,et al.  A geochemical perspective and assessment of leakage potential for a mature carbon dioxide–enhanced oil recovery project and as a prototype for carbon dioxide sequestration; Rangely field, Colorado , 2003 .

[59]  S. Holloway,et al.  The potential for aquifer disposal of carbon dioxide in the UK , 1993 .

[60]  C. M. White,et al.  Separation and Capture of CO2 from Large Stationary Sources and Sequestration in Geological Formations , 2003, Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.

[61]  Sally M. Benson,et al.  Lessons Learned from Industrial and Natural Analogs for Health, Safety and Environmental Risk Assessment for Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide , 2005 .

[62]  Luigi Marini,et al.  CO2 degassing and energy release at Solfatara Volcano , 2001 .

[63]  White,et al.  STOMP. Subsurface Transport Over Multiple Phases , 1997 .

[64]  Robert M. Sneider,et al.  Geological Applications of Capillary Pressure: A Review , 1992 .

[65]  E. Peltzer,et al.  Deep ocean experiments with fossil fuel carbon dioxide: creation and sensing of a controlled plume at 4 km depth , 2005 .

[66]  Lincoln Paterson,et al.  Role of Convective Mixing in the Long-Term Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Deep Saline Formations , 2005 .

[67]  Sam Holloway,et al.  Natural occurrences as analogues for the geological disposal of carbon dioxide , 1996 .

[68]  Sally M. Benson,et al.  Relevance of underground natural gas storage to geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide , 2002 .

[69]  Sam Holloway,et al.  Geological Characterization of CO2 Storage Sites: Lessons from Sleipner, Northern North Sea , 2003 .

[70]  S STEVENS,et al.  Production Operations at Natural CO2 Fields: Technologies for Geologic Squestration , 2003 .

[71]  J. F. Gibbs,et al.  Seismicity in the Rangely, Colorado, area: 1962-1970 , 1973, Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America.

[72]  Richard R. Hillis,et al.  THE SEARCH FOR SITES FOR GEOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION OF CO2 IN AUSTRALIA: A PROGRESS REPORT ON GEODISC , 2001 .

[73]  Ragnhild Korbol,et al.  Sleipner vest CO2 disposal - injection of removed CO2 into the Utsira formation , 1995 .