Fully‐Inorganic Trihalide Perovskite Nanocrystals: A New Research Frontier of Optoelectronic Materials

All-inorganic trihalide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) are emerging as a new class of superstar semiconductors with excellent optoelectronic properties and great potential for a broad range of applications in lighting, lasing, photon detection, and photovoltaics. This article provides an up-to-date review on the developments of fully-inorganic trihalide perovskite NCs by emphasizing their controllable solution fabrication strategies, structural phase transformation, tunable optoelectronic properties, stability, as well as their photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. Among the properties to be surveyed, particular focus is on the size-, shape-, and composition-dependent photoluminescence properties. Finally, by identifying new challenges, suggestions are provided for further research and potential development of this area.

[1]  Jong Kyu Kim,et al.  Solid-State Light Sources Getting Smart , 2005, Science.

[2]  Mona B. Mohamed,et al.  Temperature-Dependent Size-Controlled Nucleation and Growth of Gold Nanoclusters , 1999 .

[3]  Ru‐Shi Liu,et al.  Critical Red Components for Next-Generation White LEDs. , 2016, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[4]  Sandeep Kumar Pathak,et al.  Perovskite Crystals for Tunable White Light Emission , 2015 .

[5]  C. Shan,et al.  High-Efficiency and Air-Stable Perovskite Quantum Dots Light-Emitting Diodes with an All-Inorganic Heterostructure. , 2017, Nano letters.

[6]  Electronic structure and optical properties of rhombohedral CsGeI3 crystal , 2000 .

[7]  R. Walton Subcritical solvothermal synthesis of condensed inorganic materials. , 2002, Chemical Society reviews.

[8]  Xiaoyang Zhu The Perovskite Fever and Beyond. , 2016, Accounts of chemical research.

[9]  Jun Lin,et al.  Well-dispersed KRE3F10 (RE = Sm–Lu, Y) nanocrystals: solvothermal synthesis and luminescence properties , 2012 .

[10]  Rui Chen,et al.  Stimulated Emission and Lasing from CdSe/CdS/ZnS Core‐Multi‐Shell Quantum Dots by Simultaneous Three‐Photon Absorption , 2014, Advanced materials.

[11]  Haizheng Zhong,et al.  Brightly Luminescent and Color-Tunable Colloidal CH3NH3PbX3 (X = Br, I, Cl) Quantum Dots: Potential Alternatives for Display Technology. , 2015, ACS nano.

[12]  J. Neilson,et al.  Defect Tolerance to Intolerance in the Vacancy-Ordered Double Perovskite Semiconductors Cs2SnI6 and Cs2TeI6. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[13]  Song Jin,et al.  Lead halide perovskite nanowire lasers with low lasing thresholds and high quality factors. , 2015, Nature materials.

[14]  B. Yan,et al.  Novel series of quaternary fluoride nanocrystals: room-temperature synthesis and down-shifting/up-converting multicolor fluorescence , 2014 .

[15]  Hilmi Volkan Demir,et al.  Color science of nanocrystal quantum dots for lighting and displays , 2013 .

[16]  Jasmina A. Sichert,et al.  Colloidal lead halide perovskite nanocrystals: synthesis, optical properties and applications , 2016 .

[17]  Liwei Lin,et al.  Encapsulation of Perovskite Nanocrystals into Macroscale Polymer Matrices: Enhanced Stability and Polarization. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[18]  P. Bhargava,et al.  Composition dependent optical, structural and photoluminescence characteristics of cesium tin halide perovskites , 2016 .

[19]  Ru‐Shi Liu,et al.  Mesoporous Silica Particles Integrated with All-Inorganic CsPbBr3 Perovskite Quantum-Dot Nanocomposites (MP-PQDs) with High Stability and Wide Color Gamut Used for Backlight Display. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[20]  V. Klimov,et al.  Mn2+-Doped Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals with Dual-Color Emission Controlled by Halide Content. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[21]  William W. Yu,et al.  Bright Perovskite Nanocrystal Films for Efficient Light-Emitting Devices. , 2016, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[22]  Qichun Zhang,et al.  Dye-sensitized solar cell goes solid. , 2012, Small.

[23]  Yi Yu,et al.  Solution-Phase Synthesis of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanowires. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[24]  Tien Khee Ng,et al.  Perovskite Nanocrystals as a Color Converter for Visible Light Communication , 2016 .

[25]  Tom Gregorkiewicz,et al.  Direct Observation of Band Structure Modifications in Nanocrystals of CsPbBr3 Perovskite. , 2016, Nano letters.

[26]  Xiaoqing Pan,et al.  Controlled Synthesis of Lead-Free and Stable Perovskite Derivative Cs2SnI6 Nanocrystals via a Facile Hot-Injection Process , 2016 .

[27]  D. Mitzi,et al.  Thin-Film Deposition and Characterization of a Sn-Deficient Perovskite Derivative Cs2SnI6 , 2016 .

[28]  Anders Hagfeldt,et al.  Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c5ee03874j Click here for additional data file. , 2016, Energy & environmental science.

[29]  R. Walton,et al.  Enhanced stability and efficiency in hole-transport-layer-free CsSnI3 perovskite photovoltaics , 2016, Nature Energy.

[30]  Guopeng Li,et al.  Full-spectra hyperfluorescence cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals obtained by efficient halogen anion exchange using zinc halogenide salts , 2017 .

[31]  Xiang Qi,et al.  Synthesis, properties, and optical applications of low-dimensional perovskites. , 2016, Chemical communications.

[32]  Liberato Manna,et al.  X-ray Lithography on Perovskite Nanocrystals Films: From Patterning with Anion-Exchange Reactions to Enhanced Stability in Air and Water , 2015, ACS nano.

[33]  Tonio Buonassisi,et al.  Identifying defect-tolerant semiconductors with high minority-carrier lifetimes: beyond hybrid lead halide perovskites , 2015, 1504.02144.

[34]  Thomas Bein,et al.  A Long-Term View on Perovskite Optoelectronics. , 2016, Accounts of chemical research.

[35]  M. Kanatzidis,et al.  Halide Perovskites: Poor Man's High‐Performance Semiconductors , 2016, Advanced materials.

[36]  Sung Min Cho,et al.  Formamidinium and Cesium Hybridization for Photo‐ and Moisture‐Stable Perovskite Solar Cell , 2015 .

[37]  F. Wudl,et al.  Main-Group Halide Semiconductors Derived from Perovskite: Distinguishing Chemical, Structural, and Electronic Aspects. , 2017, Inorganic chemistry.

[38]  Barbara K. Hughes,et al.  The subtle chemistry of colloidal, quantum-confined semiconductor nanostructures. , 2012, ACS nano.

[39]  W. Lambrecht,et al.  Electronic band structure trends of perovskite halides: Beyond Pb and Sn to Ge and Si , 2016 .

[40]  J. McKittrick,et al.  Review: Down Conversion Materials for Solid‐State Lighting , 2014 .

[41]  Hong-Bin Yao,et al.  Large-Scale Synthesis of Highly Luminescent Perovskite-Related CsPb2 Br5 Nanoplatelets and Their Fast Anion Exchange. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[42]  Yizheng Jin,et al.  Solution-processed, high-performance light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots , 2014, Nature.

[43]  P. Kambhampati,et al.  Linking surface chemistry to optical properties of semiconductor nanocrystals. , 2015, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[44]  Wenjun Zhang,et al.  Solvent‐Polarity‐Engineered Controllable Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots and Their Use in White Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2016 .

[45]  Feng Gao,et al.  Highly Efficient Perovskite Nanocrystal Light‐Emitting Diodes Enabled by a Universal Crosslinking Method , 2016, Advanced materials.

[46]  Zhenyu Yang,et al.  Amine‐Free Synthesis of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots for Efficient Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2016 .

[47]  T. Chen,et al.  All-Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[48]  J. Jasieniak,et al.  The heat-up synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals , 2015 .

[49]  Lin Sun,et al.  Solvent Engineering for Ambient-Air-Processed, Phase-Stable CsPbI3 in Perovskite Solar Cells. , 2016, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[50]  J. Qin,et al.  First principles selection and design of mid-IR nonlinear optical halide crystals , 2013 .

[51]  I. Infante,et al.  Surface Termination, Morphology, and Bright Photoluminescence of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals , 2016 .

[52]  Bin Xie,et al.  Quantum Dots-Converted Light-Emitting Diodes Packaging for Lighting and Display: Status and Perspectives , 2016 .

[53]  Oleksandr Voznyy,et al.  Highly Efficient Perovskite‐Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes by Surface Engineering , 2016, Advanced materials.

[54]  Tobin J Marks,et al.  Air-stable molecular semiconducting iodosalts for solar cell applications: Cs2SnI6 as a hole conductor. , 2014, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[55]  D. Trots,et al.  High-temperature structural evolution of caesium and rubidium triiodoplumbates , 2008 .

[56]  David Cahen,et al.  How Important Is the Organic Part of Lead Halide Perovskite Photovoltaic Cells? Efficient CsPbBr3 Cells. , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[57]  Ling-yi Huang,et al.  Electronic band structure, phonons, and exciton binding energies of halide perovskites CsSnCl 3 , CsSnBr 3 , and CsSnI 3 , 2013 .

[58]  Zeger Hens,et al.  Highly Dynamic Ligand Binding and Light Absorption Coefficient of Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanocrystals. , 2016, ACS nano.

[59]  S. Mhaisalkar,et al.  Rb as an Alternative Cation for Templating Inorganic Lead-Free Perovskites for Solution Processed Photovoltaics , 2016 .

[60]  H. Zeng,et al.  Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes Based on Inorganic Perovskite Cesium Lead Halides (CsPbX3) , 2015, Advanced materials.

[61]  R. Brutchey,et al.  Compositionally Dependent Phase Identity of Colloidal CsPbBr3–xIx Quantum Dots , 2016 .

[62]  C. Wickleder,et al.  Photoluminescence properties of Yb(2+) ions doped in the perovskites CsCaX3 and CsSrX3 (X = Cl, Br, and I) - a comparative study. , 2016, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[63]  D. Mitzi,et al.  Thin-film preparation and characterization of Cs3Sb2I9: A lead-free layered perovskite semiconductor , 2015 .

[64]  Xiaoyang Zhu,et al.  Broad Wavelength Tunable Robust Lasing from Single-Crystal Nanowires of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I). , 2016, ACS nano.

[65]  Tsutomu Miyasaka,et al.  Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[66]  Tom Gregorkiewicz,et al.  Energy Transfer between Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals , 2016 .

[67]  Taeghwan Hyeon,et al.  The surface science of nanocrystals. , 2016, Nature materials.

[68]  Liberato Manna,et al.  Tuning the Optical Properties of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals by Anion Exchange Reactions , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[69]  M. R. Kim,et al.  Quantum-Dot-Based Solar Cells: Recent Advances, Strategies, and Challenges. , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[70]  Kai Zhu,et al.  Organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites for optoelectronic and electronic applications. , 2016, Chemical Society reviews.

[71]  Ming-Hsien Lee,et al.  New infrared nonlinear optical crystal CsGeBr3: synthesis, structure and powder second-harmonic generation properties , 2005 .

[72]  A. Rogach,et al.  Progress in the light emission of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals. , 2010, Small.

[73]  Tianyou Zhai,et al.  One‐Dimensional CdS Nanostructures: A Promising Candidate for Optoelectronics , 2013, Advanced materials.

[74]  O. Voznyy,et al.  25th Anniversary Article: Colloidal Quantum Dot Materials and Devices: A Quarter‐Century of Advances , 2013, Advanced materials.

[75]  Xianghong He,et al.  Green preparation of novel heptafluo-zirconate/hafnate nanocrystals at ambient temperature , 2016 .

[76]  A. Malko,et al.  Optical gain and stimulated emission in nanocrystal quantum dots. , 2000, Science.

[77]  Yiping Wang,et al.  Photon Transport in One-Dimensional Incommensurately Epitaxial CsPbX3 Arrays. , 2016, Nano letters.

[78]  A. Lindenberg,et al.  A Bismuth-Halide Double Perovskite with Long Carrier Recombination Lifetime for Photovoltaic Applications. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[79]  J. L. Hueso,et al.  Color-stable water-dispersed cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. , 2017, Nanoscale.

[80]  Liberato Manna,et al.  Polymer-Free Films of Inorganic Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals as UV-to-White Color-Conversion Layers in LEDs , 2016, Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society.

[81]  J. J. Wang,et al.  Photoluminescence study of polycrystalline CsSnI3 thin films: Determination of exciton binding energy , 2012 .

[82]  T. Miyasaka Perovskite Photovoltaics: Rare Functions of Organo Lead Halide in Solar Cells and Optoelectronic Devices , 2015 .

[83]  Jay B. Patel,et al.  Bandgap‐Tunable Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites with High Thermal Stability for Efficient Solar Cells , 2016 .

[84]  Yu Zhang,et al.  Enhancing the Brightness of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystal Based Green Light-Emitting Devices through the Interface Engineering with Perfluorinated Ionomer. , 2016, Nano letters.

[85]  Kai Zhu,et al.  Perovskite Solar Cells Shine in the “Valley of the Sun” , 2016 .

[86]  J. Teuscher,et al.  Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites , 2012, Science.

[87]  Noah D Bronstein,et al.  Surface- vs Diffusion-Limited Mechanisms of Anion Exchange in CsPbBr3 Nanocrystal Cubes Revealed through Kinetic Studies. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[88]  Hee Chang Yoon,et al.  Study of Perovskite QD Down-Converted LEDs and Six-Color White LEDs for Future Displays with Excellent Color Performance. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[89]  Q. Akkerman,et al.  In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Study of Electron Beam-Induced Transformations in Colloidal Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals , 2017, ACS nano.

[90]  H. Zeng,et al.  From unstable CsSnI3 to air-stable Cs2SnI6: A lead-free perovskite solar cell light absorber with bandgap of 1.48 eV and high absorption coefficient , 2017 .

[91]  M. Grätzel,et al.  Solution‐Processed Tin‐Based Perovskite for Near‐Infrared Lasing , 2016, Advanced materials.

[92]  H. Zeng,et al.  All‐Inorganic Colloidal Perovskite Quantum Dots: A New Class of Lasing Materials with Favorable Characteristics , 2015, Advanced materials.

[93]  T. Bendikov,et al.  CsSnBr3, A Lead-Free Halide Perovskite for Long-Term Solar Cell Application: Insights on SnF2 Addition , 2016 .

[94]  Sang Il Seok,et al.  Steps toward efficient inorganic–organic hybrid perovskite solar cells , 2015 .

[95]  H. Zeng,et al.  Nonlinear Absorption and Low-Threshold Multiphoton Pumped Stimulated Emission from All-Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals. , 2016, Nano letters.

[96]  H. Zeng,et al.  Healing All‐Inorganic Perovskite Films via Recyclable Dissolution–Recyrstallization for Compact and Smooth Carrier Channels of Optoelectronic Devices with High Stability , 2016 .

[97]  A. Weiss,et al.  Phase Diagrams of Quasibinary Systems of the Type: ABX3 — A′BX3; ABX3 — AB′X3, and ABX3 — ABX′3; X = Halogen , 1992 .

[98]  Dan Oron,et al.  Nucleation, Growth, and Structural Transformations of Perovskite Nanocrystals , 2017 .

[99]  Thomas A. Kennedy,et al.  Doping semiconductor nanocrystals , 2005, Nature.

[100]  Richard L. Brutchey,et al.  On the crystal structure of colloidally prepared CsPbBr3 quantum dots. , 2016, Chemical communications.

[101]  Weon-kyu Koh,et al.  Phosphonic Acid Stabilized Colloidal CsPbX3 (X=Br, I) Perovskite Nanocrystals and Their Surface Chemistry , 2016 .

[102]  H. Zeng,et al.  Monolayer and Few‐Layer All‐Inorganic Perovskites as a New Family of Two‐Dimensional Semiconductors for Printable Optoelectronic Devices , 2016, Advanced materials.

[103]  F. Giustino,et al.  Toward Lead-Free Perovskite Solar Cells , 2016 .

[104]  N. Hildebrandt,et al.  Quantum dots: bright and versatile in vitro and in vivo fluorescence imaging biosensors. , 2015, Chemical Society reviews.

[105]  Lin-wang Wang,et al.  Lasing in robust cesium lead halide perovskite nanowires , 2016, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[106]  Xianghong He,et al.  Dependence of luminescence properties on composition of rare-earth activated (oxy)nitrides phosphors for white-LEDs applications , 2009 .

[107]  Manas R. Parida,et al.  Engineering Interfacial Charge Transfer in CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals by Heterovalent Doping. , 2017, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[108]  P. Ghosh,et al.  Terahertz Conductivity within Colloidal CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals: Remarkably High Carrier Mobilities and Large Diffusion Lengths. , 2016, Nano letters.

[109]  Aslihan Babayigit,et al.  Toxicity of organometal halide perovskite solar cells. , 2016, Nature materials.

[110]  W. Windl,et al.  Cs2AgBiX6 (X = Br, Cl): New Visible Light Absorbing, Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Semiconductors , 2016 .

[111]  Yu-Ju Chuang,et al.  Synthesis and Optical Properties of Lead-Free Cesium Tin Halide Perovskite Quantum Rods with High-Performance Solar Cell Application. , 2016, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[112]  M. Kovalenko,et al.  Fast Anion-Exchange in Highly Luminescent Nanocrystals of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I) , 2015, Nano letters.

[113]  A Paul Alivisatos,et al.  Highly Luminescent Colloidal Nanoplates of Perovskite Cesium Lead Halide and Their Oriented Assemblies. , 2015, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[114]  Liduo Wang,et al.  Addictive-assisted construction of all-inorganic CsSnIBr2 mesoscopic perovskite solar cells with superior thermal stability up to 473 K , 2016 .

[115]  Franco Cacialli,et al.  Inorganic caesium lead iodide perovskite solar cells , 2015 .

[116]  Min-Sang Lee,et al.  All-inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals for photodetector applications. , 2016, Chemical communications.

[117]  M. Fiebig,et al.  Low-threshold amplified spontaneous emission and lasing from colloidal nanocrystals of caesium lead halide perovskites , 2015, Nature Communications.

[118]  A Paul Alivisatos,et al.  Insight into the Ligand-Mediated Synthesis of Colloidal CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals: The Role of Organic Acid, Base, and Cesium Precursors. , 2016, ACS nano.

[119]  M. Kanatzidis,et al.  All-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with high efficiency , 2012, Nature.

[120]  X. Zhang,et al.  Phase transformation, morphology control, and luminescence evolution of cesium lead halide nanocrystals in the anion exchange process , 2016 .

[121]  Xiao Wei Sun,et al.  Polarized emission from CsPbX3 perovskite quantum dots. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[122]  M. Kovalenko,et al.  Prospects of colloidal nanocrystals for electronic and optoelectronic applications. , 2010, Chemical reviews.

[123]  Christopher H. Hendon,et al.  Nanocrystals of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, and I): Novel Optoelectronic Materials Showing Bright Emission with Wide Color Gamut , 2015, Nano letters.

[124]  Abhishek Swarnkar,et al.  Excellent green but less impressive blue luminescence from CsPbBr3 perovskite nanocubes and nanoplatelets , 2016, Nanotechnology.

[125]  Nikolai Gaponik,et al.  Solid-State Anion Exchange Reactions for Color Tuning of CsPbX3 Perovskite Nanocrystals , 2016 .

[126]  Richard H. Friend,et al.  Synthesis and Optical Properties of Lead-Free Cesium Tin Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[127]  P. Mulvaney,et al.  Nucleation and growth kinetics of CdSe nanocrystals in octadecene , 2004 .

[128]  David Cahen,et al.  Cesium Enhances Long-Term Stability of Lead Bromide Perovskite-Based Solar Cells. , 2015, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[129]  Haizheng Zhong,et al.  Water resistant CsPbX3 nanocrystals coated with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and their use as solid state luminophores in all-perovskite white light-emitting devices , 2016, Chemical science.

[130]  Shuming Nie,et al.  Semiconductor nanocrystals: structure, properties, and band gap engineering. , 2010, Accounts of chemical research.

[131]  J. J. Wang,et al.  Synthesis and characterization of CsSnI3 thin films , 2010 .

[132]  Yang Yang,et al.  Under the spotlight: The organic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskite for optoelectronic applications , 2015 .

[133]  X. Gong,et al.  Influence of Defects and Synthesis Conditions on the Photovoltaic Performance of Perovskite Semiconductor CsSnI3 , 2014 .

[134]  H. Zeng,et al.  CsPbX3 Quantum Dots for Lighting and Displays: Room‐Temperature Synthesis, Photoluminescence Superiorities, Underlying Origins and White Light‐Emitting Diodes , 2016 .

[135]  Angshuman Nag,et al.  Band Edge Energies and Excitonic Transition Probabilities of Colloidal CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) Perovskite Nanocrystals , 2016 .

[136]  Claudio Canale,et al.  Colloidal Synthesis of Quantum Confined Single Crystal CsPbBr3 Nanosheets with Lateral Size Control up to the Micrometer Range , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[137]  Peng Wang,et al.  Multicolor fluorescent light-emitting diodes based on cesium lead halide perovskite quantum dots , 2016 .

[138]  Haizheng Zhong,et al.  Tuning the Luminescence Properties of Colloidal I-III-VI Semiconductor Nanocrystals for Optoelectronics and Biotechnology Applications. , 2012, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[139]  Huicong Liu,et al.  Carbon-Based CsPbBr3 Perovskite Solar Cells: All-Ambient Processes and High Thermal Stability. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[140]  Tze Chien Sum,et al.  High‐Quality Whispering‐Gallery‐Mode Lasing from Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets , 2016 .

[141]  Aslihan Babayigit,et al.  Assessing the toxicity of Pb- and Sn-based perovskite solar cells in model organism Danio rerio , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[142]  A. Polman,et al.  Photovoltaic materials: Present efficiencies and future challenges , 2016, Science.

[143]  Mercouri G. Kanatzidis,et al.  Optical-Vibrational Properties of the Cs2SnX6 (X = Cl, Br, I) Defect Perovskites and Hole-Transport Efficiency in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells , 2016 .

[144]  N. Park,et al.  Lead Iodide Perovskite Sensitized All-Solid-State Submicron Thin Film Mesoscopic Solar Cell with Efficiency Exceeding 9% , 2012, Scientific Reports.

[145]  Lijian Huang,et al.  Room-temperature and gram-scale synthesis of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite nanocrystals with 50-85% photoluminescence quantum yields. , 2016, Chemical communications.

[146]  A. Alivisatos,et al.  Synthesis of Composition Tunable and Highly Luminescent Cesium Lead Halide Nanowires through Anion-Exchange Reactions. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[147]  Abhishek Swarnkar,et al.  Colloidal CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals: Luminescence beyond Traditional Quantum Dots. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[148]  Ashley R. Marshall,et al.  Quantum dot–induced phase stabilization of α-CsPbI3 perovskite for high-efficiency photovoltaics , 2016, Science.

[149]  P. Liljeroth,et al.  Physicochemical evaluation of the hot-injection method, a synthesis route for monodisperse nanocrystals. , 2005, Small.

[150]  Andrew J. deMello,et al.  Synthesis of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals in a Droplet-Based Microfluidic Platform: Fast Parametric Space Mapping. , 2016, Nano letters.

[151]  Nripan Mathews,et al.  Current progress and future perspectives for organic/inorganic perovskite solar cells , 2014 .

[152]  Prashant V Kamat,et al.  Transformation of Sintered CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals to Cubic CsPbI3 and Gradient CsPbBrxI3-x through Halide Exchange. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[153]  L. Manna,et al.  Colloidal Synthesis of Strongly Fluorescent CsPbBr3 Nanowires with Width Tunable down to the Quantum Confinement Regime , 2016, Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society.

[154]  Mercouri G Kanatzidis,et al.  Semiconducting tin and lead iodide perovskites with organic cations: phase transitions, high mobilities, and near-infrared photoluminescent properties. , 2013, Inorganic chemistry.

[155]  David Cahen,et al.  Hybrid organic—inorganic perovskites: low-cost semiconductors with intriguing charge-transport properties , 2016 .

[156]  B. Yan,et al.  “One-Stone–Two-Birds” Modulation for Na3ScF6-Based Novel Nanocrystals: Simultaneous Morphology Evolution and Luminescence Tuning , 2014 .

[157]  Shihe Yang,et al.  High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells through Surface Modification, Mixed Solvent Engineering and Nanobowl-Assisted Light Harvesting , 2016 .

[158]  Sidney T. Malak,et al.  Crafting Core/Graded Shell-Shell Quantum Dots with Suppressed Re-absorption and Tunable Stokes Shift as High Optical Gain Materials. , 2016, Angewandte Chemie.

[159]  Q. Xiong,et al.  Metal halide perovskite nanomaterials: synthesis and applications , 2016, Chemical science.

[160]  L. Etgar,et al.  Inorganic and Hybrid Organo‐Metal Perovskite Nanostructures: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications , 2016 .

[161]  V. Klimov Spectral and dynamical properties of multiexcitons in semiconductor nanocrystals. , 2007, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[162]  Lioz Etgar,et al.  Kinetics of cesium lead halide perovskite nanoparticle growth; focusing and de-focusing of size distribution. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[163]  Hao Li,et al.  CsSnI3: Semiconductor or metal? High electrical conductivity and strong near-infrared photoluminescence from a single material. High hole mobility and phase-transitions. , 2012, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[164]  C. K. Møller Crystal Structure and Photoconductivity of Cæsium Plumbohalides , 1958 .

[165]  M. Nikl,et al.  Polarized luminescence of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals (quantum dots) in CsBr:Pb single crystal , 1999 .

[166]  Zheng Lou,et al.  Flexible Photodetectors Based on 1D Inorganic Nanostructures , 2015, Advanced science.

[167]  Edward H. Sargent,et al.  Perovskite photonic sources , 2016, Nature Photonics.

[168]  Nripan Mathews,et al.  Lead‐Free Halide Perovskite Solar Cells with High Photocurrents Realized Through Vacancy Modulation , 2014, Advanced materials.

[169]  Xiao Wei Sun,et al.  All‐Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals for High‐Efficiency Light Emitting Diodes: Dual‐Phase CsPbBr3‐CsPb2Br5 Composites , 2016 .

[170]  Aifei Wang,et al.  Ligand-Mediated Synthesis of Shape-Controlled Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals via Reprecipitation Process at Room Temperature. , 2016, ACS nano.

[171]  T. Hyeon,et al.  Formation mechanisms of uniform nanocrystals via hot-injection and heat-up methods. , 2011, Small.

[172]  Xurong Xu,et al.  Shape-Controlled Synthesis of All-Inorganic CsPbBr3 Perovskite Nanocrystals with Bright Blue Emission. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[173]  Hyun Suk Jung,et al.  Perovskite solar cells: from materials to devices. , 2015, Small.

[174]  Bernd Rech,et al.  A mixed-cation lead mixed-halide perovskite absorber for tandem solar cells , 2016, Science.

[175]  M. Sakata,et al.  Neutron Diffraction Study of the Structure of Cubic CsPbBr 3 , 1979 .

[176]  Shaohua Shen,et al.  Vapor-Phase Epitaxial Growth of Aligned Nanowire Networks of Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, I). , 2017, Nano letters.

[177]  K. Stevenson,et al.  Highly Efficient All-Inorganic Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells Produced by Thermal Coevaporation of CsI and PbI2. , 2017, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[178]  Christopher J. Traverse,et al.  All vapor-deposited lead-free doped CsSnBr3 planar solar cells , 2016 .

[179]  M. Grätzel The light and shade of perovskite solar cells. , 2014, Nature materials.

[180]  William W. Yu,et al.  Two-Photon-Pumped Perovskite Semiconductor Nanocrystal Lasers. , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[181]  Rebecca A. Belisle,et al.  Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites with Improved Stability for Tandem Solar Cells. , 2016, The journal of physical chemistry letters.

[182]  Giovanni Bertoni,et al.  Solution Synthesis Approach to Colloidal Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets with Monolayer-Level Thickness Control , 2016, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[183]  Lei Wang,et al.  Photoluminescence quenching of inorganic cesium lead halides perovskite quantum dots (CsPbX3) by electron/hole acceptor. , 2017, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[184]  Wei Huang,et al.  High‐Efficiency Flexible Solar Cells Based on Organometal Halide Perovskites , 2016, Advanced materials.

[185]  G. Shirane,et al.  Neutron-scattering study on phase transitions of CsPb Cl 3 , 1974 .