Late-time spectral line formation in Type IIb supernovae, with application to SN 1993J, SN 2008ax, and SN 2011dh

We investigate line formation processes in Type IIb supernovae (SNe) from 100 to 500 days post-explosion using spectral synthesis calculations. The modeling identifies the nuclear burning layers and physical mechanisms that produce the major emission lines, and the diagnostic potential of these. We compare the model calculations with data on the three best observed Type IIb SNe to-date - SN 1993J, SN 2008ax, and SN 2011dh. Oxygen nucleosynthesis depends sensitively on the main-sequence mass of the star and modeling of the [O I] 6300, 6364 lines constrains the progenitors of these three SNe to the M_ZAMS=12-16 M_sun range (ejected oxygen masses 0.3-0.9 M_sun), with SN 2011dh towards the lower end and SN 1993J towards the upper end of the range. The high ejecta masses from M_ZAMS >= 17 M_sun progenitors give rise to brighter nebular phase emission lines than observed. Nucleosynthesis analysis thus supports a scenario of low/moderate mass progenitors for Type IIb SNe, and by implication an origin in binary systems. We demonstrate how oxygen and magnesium recombination lines may be combined to diagnose the magnesium mass in the SN ejecta. For SN 2011dh, a magnesium mass of of 0.02-0.14 M_sun is derived, which gives a Mg/O production ratio consistent with the solar value. Nitrogen left in the He envelope from CNO-burning gives strong [N II] 6548, 6583 emission lines that dominate over H-alpha emission in our models. The hydrogen envelopes of Type IIb SNe are too small and dilute to produce any noticeable H-alpha emission or absorption after ~150 days, and nebular phase emission seen around 6550 A is in many cases likely caused by [N II] 6548, 6583. Finally, the influence of radiative transport on the emergent line profiles is investigated...(abridged)

[1]  M. Phillips,et al.  SN 2011hs: a fast and faint Type IIb supernova from a supergiant progenitor , 2014, 1401.2368.

[2]  R. Kotak,et al.  The nebular spectra of SN 2012aw and constraints on stellar nucleosynthesis from oxygen emission lines , 2013, 1311.2031.

[3]  R. Kotak,et al.  Optical and near-infrared observations of SN 2011dh – The first 100 days , 2013, 1305.1851.

[4]  D. Kasen,et al.  Nebular spectroscopy of the nearby Type IIb supernova 2011dh , 2013, 1307.2246.

[5]  Wei Zheng,et al.  THE PROGENITOR OF SUPERNOVA 2011dh HAS VANISHED , 2013, 1305.3436.

[6]  E. Pian,et al.  MULTI-WAVELENGTH OBSERVATIONS OF SUPERNOVA 2011ei: TIME-DEPENDENT CLASSIFICATION OF TYPE IIb AND Ib SUPERNOVAE AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THEIR PROGENITORS , 2012, 1207.2152.

[7]  K. Maguire,et al.  The progenitor mass of the Type IIP supernova SN 2004et from late-time spectral modeling , 2012, 1208.2183.

[8]  C. Evans,et al.  Binary Interaction Dominates the Evolution of Massive Stars , 2012, Science.

[9]  R. Kotak,et al.  THE TYPE IIb SUPERNOVA 2011dh FROM A SUPERGIANT PROGENITOR , 2012, 1207.5975.

[10]  O. Benvenuto,et al.  A BINARY PROGENITOR FOR THE TYPE IIb SUPERNOVA 2011dh IN M51 , 2012, 1207.5807.

[11]  N. Langer,et al.  Presupernova Evolution of Massive Single and Binary Stars , 2012, 1206.5443.

[12]  J. Rho,et al.  SPECTROSCOPIC DETECTION OF CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE YOUNG SUPERNOVA REMNANT CASSIOPEIA A , 2012, 1202.4540.

[13]  N. Mowlavi,et al.  Grids of stellar models with rotation - I. Models from 0.8 to 120 M⊙ at solar metallicity (Z = 0.014) , 2011, 1110.5049.

[14]  E. Ofek,et al.  THE PROGENITOR OF SUPERNOVA 2011dh/PTF11eon IN MESSIER 51 , 2011, 1106.2897.

[15]  Physics,et al.  SN 2009jf: a slow-evolving stripped-envelope core-collapse supernova , 2011, 1106.3030.

[16]  R. Kotak,et al.  THE YELLOW SUPERGIANT PROGENITOR OF THE TYPE II SUPERNOVA 2011dh IN M51 , 2011, 1106.2565.

[17]  P. Mazzali,et al.  nero– a post-maximum supernova radiation transport code , 2011, 1105.3049.

[18]  C. Fransson,et al.  The 44Ti-powered spectrum of SN 1987A , 2011, 1103.3653.

[19]  M. Baes,et al.  Binary progenitor models of type IIb supernovae , 2011, 1102.1732.

[20]  S. Valenti,et al.  The He-rich stripped-envelope core-collapse supernova 2008ax , 2011, 1101.1824.

[21]  Ryan Chornock,et al.  Observed Fractions of Core-Collapse Supernova Types and Initial Masses of their Single and Binary Progenitor Stars , 2010, 1006.3899.

[22]  L. Dessart,et al.  Non-LTE time-dependent spectroscopic modelling of Type II-plateau supernovae from the photospheric to the nebular phase: case study for 15 and 25 M⊙ progenitor stars , 2010, 1008.3238.

[23]  Hydrogen and helium in the late phase of SNe IIb , 2010, 1007.1881.

[24]  Mohan Ganeshalingam,et al.  Nearby Supernova Rates from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. II. The Observed Luminosity Functions and Fractions of Supernovae in a Complete Sample , 2010, 1006.4612.

[25]  R. Kotak,et al.  The Type Ic SN 2007gr: a census of the ejecta from late-time optical–infrared spectra , 2010, 1006.4259.

[26]  P. Mazzali,et al.  Oxygen Recombination in the nebular phase of supernovae 1998bw and 2002ap , 2010, 1006.1566.

[27]  S. Woosley,et al.  TYPE Ib/c SUPERNOVAE IN BINARY SYSTEMS. I. EVOLUTION AND PROPERTIES OF THE PROGENITOR STARS , 2010, 1004.0843.

[28]  B. Leibundgut,et al.  The 3-D structure of SN 1987A's inner ejecta , 2010, 1003.5684.

[29]  N. Feautrier,et al.  Precision calculation of low-energy electron-impact excitation cross sections of sodium , 2010 .

[30]  C. Gerardy,et al.  DOUBLETS AND DOUBLE PEAKS: LATE-TIME [O i] λλ6300, 6364 LINE PROFILES OF STRIPPED-ENVELOPE, CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVAE , 2009, 0904.4256.

[31]  Ulrich Hopp,et al.  Extensive optical and near-infrared observations of the nearby, narrow-lined type Ic SN 2007gr : days 5 to 415 , 2009, 0909.3780.

[32]  M. Asplund,et al.  The chemical composition of the Sun , 2009, 0909.0948.

[33]  Kevin Krisciunas,et al.  SUPERNOVA 2003bg: THE FIRST TYPE IIb HYPERNOVA , 2009, 0908.1783.

[34]  Germany,et al.  SN 2003bg: A BROAD-LINED TYPE IIb SUPERNOVA WITH HYDROGEN , 2009, 0908.1773.

[35]  E. Dwek,et al.  THE CHEMISTRY OF POPULATION III SUPERNOVA EJECTA. I. FORMATION OF MOLECULES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE , 2009, 0907.3621.

[36]  A. Pastorello,et al.  Nebular emission-line profiles of Type Ib/c supernovae - Probing the ejecta asphericity , 2009, 0904.4632.

[37]  R. Foley,et al.  Optical Spectroscopy of the Somewhat Peculiar Type IIb Supernova 2001ig , 2009, 0903.4179.

[38]  Ricardo Covarrubias,et al.  THE HE-RICH CORE-COLLAPSE SUPERNOVA 2007Y: OBSERVATIONS FROM X-RAY TO RADIO WAVELENGTHS , 2009, 0902.0609.

[39]  J. Rho,et al.  CARBON MONOXIDE IN THE CASSIOPEIA A SUPERNOVA REMNANT , 2009, 0901.2308.

[40]  Y. Yoshii,et al.  TYPE Ib SUPERNOVA 2008D ASSOCIATED WITH THE LUMINOUS X-RAY TRANSIENT 080109: AN ENERGETIC EXPLOSION OF A MASSIVE HELIUM STAR , 2008, 0807.1674.

[41]  E. Ofek,et al.  The Type IIb SN 2008ax: spectral and light curve evolution , 2008, 0805.1914.

[42]  S. Woosley,et al.  Nucleosynthesis and remnants in massive stars of solar metallicity , 2007, astro-ph/0702176.

[43]  J. Rho,et al.  Spitzer IRAC Images and Sample Spectra of Cassiopeia A’s Explosion , 2006, astro-ph/0610838.

[44]  C. Fischer,et al.  Relativistic energy levels, lifetimes, and transition probabilities for the sodium-like to argon-like sequences , 2006 .

[45]  N. Badnell.  Dielectronic recombination data for dynamic finite-density plasmas - X : The hydrogen isoelectronic sequence , 2006 .

[46]  R. Kirshner,et al.  Hydrogen and helium traces in type Ib-c supernovae , 2005, astro-ph/0512572.

[47]  Strong effects of time-dependent ionization in early SN 1987A , 2005, astro-ph/0501036.

[48]  S. Jha,et al.  Hubble Space Telescope and Ground-based Observations of SN 1993J and SN 1998S: CNO Processing in the Progenitors , 2004, astro-ph/0409439.

[49]  Xu Zhou,et al.  Optical Photometry of SN 1993J: 1995 to 2003 , 2004, astro-ph/0406582.

[50]  S. Smartt,et al.  The massive binary companion star to the progenitor of supernova 1993J , 2004, Nature.

[51]  Chris L. Fryer,et al.  How Massive Single Stars End Their Life , 2002, astro-ph/0212469.

[52]  J. Wheeler,et al.  Carbon Monoxide in the Type Ic Supernova 2000ew , 2002, astro-ph/0207480.

[53]  J. Sollerman,et al.  Supernova 1998bw - the final phases , 2002, astro-ph/0204498.

[54]  G. Neugebauer,et al.  Early Near-Infrared Observations of SN 1993J , 2002 .

[55]  D. Kasen,et al.  Direct Analysis of Spectra of Type Ib Supernovae , 1999, astro-ph/0106367.

[56]  M. Bautista.  Atomic data from the Iron Project - XLVII. Electron impact excitation of Ni III , 2001 .

[57]  L. Ho,et al.  Detailed Analysis of Early to Late-Time Spectra of Supernova 1993J , 2000, astro-ph/0006264.

[58]  B. Gibson,et al.  A Database of Cepheid Distance Moduli and Tip of the Red Giant Branch, Globular Cluster Luminosity Function, Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function, and Surface Brightness Fluctuation Data Useful for Distance Determinations , 2000 .

[59]  J. Wheeler,et al.  Carbon Monoxide Formation in SN 1987A , 1999 .

[60]  R. Benjamin,et al.  Improving Predictions for Helium Emission Lines , 1998, astro-ph/9810087.

[61]  C. Fransson,et al.  Late Spectral Evolution of SN 1987A. II. Line Emission , 1997, astro-ph/9712224.

[62]  I. Hachisu,et al.  Instabilities and Mixing in SN 1993J , 1997, astro-ph/9701083.

[63]  A. Dalgarno,et al.  Formation and Destruction of Silicon Monoxide in SN 1987A , 1996 .

[64]  G. Ferland,et al.  Atomic data for astrophysics. I. Radiative recombination rates for H-like, He-like, Li-like, and Na-like ions over a broad range of temperature , 1995, astro-ph/9509083.

[65]  C. Fransson,et al.  Analysis of the Late Optical Spectra of SN 1993J , 1996 .

[66]  R. McCray,et al.  Ultraviolet Opacity and Fluorescence in Supernova Envelopes , 1996 .

[67]  F. Timmes,et al.  The Production of 44Ti and 60Co in Supernovae , 1995, astro-ph/9511142.

[68]  A. Dalgarno,et al.  The Oxygen Temperature of SN 1987A , 1995 .

[69]  H. L. Zhang,et al.  Relativistic and electron correlation effects in electron-impact excitation of Fe2+ , 1995 .

[70]  K. Nomoto,et al.  The evolution and explosion of massive binary stars and Type Ib-Ic-IIb-IIL supernovae , 1995 .

[71]  T. Matheson,et al.  The peculiar type II supernova 1993J in M81: Transition to the nebular phase , 1994 .

[72]  S. Woosley,et al.  Galacti chemical evolution: Hygrogen through zinc , 1994, astro-ph/9411003.

[73]  S. Woosley,et al.  SN 1993J: A Type IIb supernova , 1994 .

[74]  Garth D. Illingworth,et al.  The Hubble Space Telescope Extragalactic Distance Scale Key Project. 1: The discovery of Cepheids and a new distance to M81 , 1994 .

[75]  A. Dalgarno,et al.  Silicon Monoxide in SN 1987A , 1994 .

[76]  R. Humphreys,et al.  SN 1993J: The Optical Properties of its Progenitor , 1994 .

[77]  Zhou,et al.  Low-energy-electron collisions with sodium: Elastic and inelastic scattering from the ground state. , 1993, Physical review. A, Atomic, molecular, and optical physics.

[78]  Ray M. Sharples,et al.  Optical observations of supernova 1993J from La Palma – I. Days 2 to 125 , 1994 .

[79]  J. Spyromilio.  Clumping and large-scale anisotropy in supernova 1993J , 1994 .

[80]  K. Nomoto,et al.  Theoretical light curves of the type IIB supernova 1993J , 1993 .

[81]  L. Ho,et al.  The ``Type IIb'' Supernova 1993J in M81: A Close Relative of Type Ib Supernovae , 1993 .

[82]  T. Suzuki,et al.  A type IIb model for supernova 1993J , 1993, Nature.

[83]  C. Fransson,et al.  The Freeze-out Phase of SN 1987A: Implications for the Light Curve , 1993 .

[84]  R. McCray,et al.  The He I emission lines of SN 1987A , 1993 .

[85]  R. McCray.  Supernova 1987A Revisited , 1993 .

[86]  A. Dalgarno,et al.  Carbon Monoxide in SN 1987A , 1992 .

[87]  P. Podsiadlowski,et al.  Presupernova Evolution in Massive Interacting Binaries , 1992 .

[88]  C. Fransson,et al.  Gamma-Ray Deposition and Nonthermal Excitation in Supernovae , 1992 .

[89]  R. McCray,et al.  The forbidden O I 6300, 6364 A doublet of SN 1987A , 1992 .

[90]  W. Benz,et al.  Hydrodynamical instabilities and mixing in SN 1987A - Two-dimensional simulations of the first 3 months , 1991 .

[91]  B. Fryxell,et al.  Instabilities and clumping in SN 1987A. I, Early evolution in two dimensions , 1991 .

[92]  K. Nomoto,et al.  Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities and Mixing in the Helium Star Models for Type Ib/Ic Supernovae , 1991 .

[93]  K. Nomoto,et al.  Low-mass helium star models for Type Ib supernovae : light curves, mixing, and nucleosynthesis , 1990 .

[94]  R. Chevalier,et al.  Late emission from supernovae - A window on stellar nucleosynthesis , 1989 .

[95]  R. Kirshner,et al.  The type Ib supernova 1984L in NGC 991 , 1989 .

[96]  A. Filippenko,et al.  Supernova 1987K: Type II in Youth, Type Ib in Old Age , 1988 .

[97]  S. Woosley,et al.  Explosions in Wolf-Rayet stars and type Ib supernovae. I: Light curves , 1988 .

[98]  P. Mauas,et al.  Mg I as a probe of the solar chromosphere: the atomic model , 1988 .

[99]  S. Woosley,et al.  Supernova 1987A: six weeks later , 1988 .

[100]  R. Kirshner,et al.  The early spectral phase of type Ib supernovae - Evidence for helium , 1987 .

[101]  Alexei V. Filippenko,et al.  Observational properties of type 1b supernovae , 1987 .

[102]  E. Cappellaro,et al.  Type Ib Supernovae 1983n and 1985f: Oxygen-rich Late Time Spectra , 1986 .

[103]  A. Maeder,et al.  The evolution of massive stars with mass loss , 1986 .

[104]  N. Panagia,et al.  Subluminous, Radio Emitting Type I Supernovae , 1986 .

[105]  G. Neugebauer,et al.  Type I supernovae in the infrared and their use as distance indicators , 1985 .

[106]  J. Wheeler,et al.  The peculiar type I supernova in NGC 991. , 1985 .

[107]  C. Corliss,et al.  Atomic energy levels of the iron-period elements, potassium through nickel , 1985 .

[108]  N. Panagia,et al.  Radio emission from a type I supernova - SN 1983.51 IN NGC 5236 , 1984 .

[109]  J. Shull,et al.  The ionization equilibrium of astrophysically abundant elements , 1982 .

[110]  J. T. Kriese,et al.  Luminosity of type I supernovae , 1980 .

[111]  Chul Park.  Electron impact excitation rate coefficients for hydrogen, helium and alkali atoms , 1971 .

[112]  J. Rutherford,et al.  Formation of Magnesium Ions by Charge Transfer , 1971 .

[113]  R. Garstang.  Transition Probabilities for Forbidden Lines of Ni II and Ni III , 1958 .