Decontamination of waterborne chemical pollutants by using atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasma: a review

Water pollution abatement is a topic of growing interest worldwide, mainly due to the large number of contaminants that continental waters may contain and the need for a safe wastewater reclamation and reuse in many sectors (agriculture, industry, aquifer recharge, and landscape restoration) and industrial recycling to reduce the end-of-pipe treatment. In this review, different advanced oxidation processes based on atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasma treatment for the removal of organic contaminants from waters are critically reviewed. Factors affecting the removal efficiency and energy yield are reviewed for specific organic contaminants (e.g. VOC, phenols, organic dyes, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, surfactants) and also for conventional water quality parameters (e.g. BOD, COD, TOC, , turbidity). Moreover, effects of operational modes (e.g. type of discharge, reactor configuration, plasma gas), catalytic processes (heterogeneous: TiO2, NiO, and homogeneous: Cu2+, Fe2+, ), post-treatment reactions and external oxidant addition (O3, H2O2) are also presented.

[1]  V. Rybkin,et al.  Decomposition of aqueous solution of acetic acid under the action of atmospheric-pressure dielectric barrier discharge in oxygen , 2012, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry.

[2]  C. Saint,et al.  Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: a review. , 2010, Water research.

[3]  M. Tezuka,et al.  Mineralization of aqueous pentachlorophenolate by anodic contact glow discharge electrolysis. , 2011, Journal of environmental sciences.

[4]  S. Sengupta,et al.  Contact glow discharge electrolysis : a study on its origin in the light of the theory of hydrodynamic instabilities in local solvent vaporisation by Joule heating during electrolysis , 1997 .

[5]  E. Thurman,et al.  Pharmaceuticals, hormones, and other organic wastewater contaminants in U.S. streams, 1999-2000: a national reconnaissance. , 2002 .

[6]  Hui-juan Wang,et al.  Kinetic analysis and energy efficiency of phenol degradation in a plasma-photocatalysis system. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[7]  S. Ochiai,et al.  Interaction mechanism between a post-discharge flow and water surface , 2009 .

[8]  Jie-rong Chen,et al.  Enhanced Degradation of Phenol by Carbonate Ions With Dielectric Barrier Discharge , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[9]  P. Lukeš,et al.  Elementary Chemical and Physical Phenomena in Electrical Discharge Plasma in Gas–Liquid Environments and in Liquids , 2012 .

[10]  X. Jiang,et al.  Phenol degradation by a nonpulsed diaphragm glow discharge in an aqueous solution. , 2005, Environmental science & technology.

[11]  J. Brisset,et al.  Degradation of palm oil refinery wastewaters by non-thermal gliding arc discharge at atmospheric pressure , 2013, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment.

[12]  Victor David,et al.  Degradation of pharmaceutical compound pentoxifylline in water by non-thermal plasma treatment. , 2010, Water research.

[13]  W. C. Finney,et al.  Hybrid Gas-Liquid Electrical Discharge Reactors for Organic Compound Degradation , 2004 .

[14]  R. Schwarzenbach,et al.  The Challenge of Micropollutants in Aquatic Systems , 2006, Science.

[15]  J. Brisset,et al.  Gliding discharge-induced oxidation of a toxic alkaloid. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[16]  M. Magureanu,et al.  Decomposition of methylene blue in water using a dielectric barrier discharge: Optimization of the operating parameters , 2008 .

[17]  Shi-huai Deng,et al.  Application of titanium dioxide-loaded activated carbon fiber in a pulsed discharge reactor for degradation of methyl orange. , 2010 .

[18]  J. Brisset,et al.  Pollution control of surface waters by coupling gliding discharge treatment with incorporated oyster shell powder , 2011 .

[19]  W. C. Finney,et al.  The role of Fenton’s reaction in aqueous phase pulsed streamer corona reactors , 2001 .

[20]  J. Brisset,et al.  Disposal of spent tributylphosphate by gliding arc plasma. , 2003, Journal of hazardous materials.

[21]  J. Brisset,et al.  Peroxynitrite: A Re-examination of the Chemical Properties of Non-thermal Discharges Burning in Air Over Aqueous Solutions , 2012, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing.

[22]  Mounir Laroussi,et al.  Nonthermal decontamination of biological media by atmospheric-pressure plasmas: review, analysis, and prospects , 2002 .

[23]  S. Mabury,et al.  Microcosm evaluation of the effects of an eight pharmaceutical mixture to the aquatic macrophytes Lemna gibba and Myriophyllum sibiricum. , 2004, Aquatic toxicology.

[24]  D. M. Willberg,et al.  Oxidative Degradation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Ozone in an Electrohydraulic Discharge Reactor , 1998 .

[25]  T. Sugimura,et al.  Isolation and identification of a new 2-phenylbenzotriazole-type mutagen (PBTA-3) in the Nikko river in Aichi, Japan. , 2000, Chemical research in toxicology.

[26]  M. I C H A E,et al.  Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000: A National Reconnaissance , 2002 .

[27]  N. Sano,et al.  Decomposition of Organic Compounds in Water by Direct Contact of Gas Corona Discharge: Influence of Discharge Conditions , 2002 .

[28]  S. Nomura,et al.  Degradation of methylene blue by radio frequency plasmas in water under ultraviolet irradiation. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[29]  M. Belhadj,et al.  Enhancement of the bleaching and degradation of textile wastewaters by Gliding arc discharge plasma in the presence of TiO2 catalyst. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[30]  S. Cavadias,et al.  Analysis of Mechanisms at the Plasma–Liquid Interface in a Gas–Liquid Discharge Reactor Used for Treatment of Polluted Water , 2009 .

[31]  S. Xiao,et al.  Aspects of Plasma in Water: Streamer Physics and Applications , 2009 .

[32]  Y. Miyazaki,et al.  Pulsed discharge purification of water containing nondegradable hazardous substances , 2011 .

[33]  P. Bruggeman,et al.  Assessment of Potential Applications of Plasma with Liquid Water , 2013 .

[34]  J. Bayona,et al.  Application of gas chromatography coupled to chemical ionisation mass spectrometry following headspace solid-phase microextraction for the determination of free volatile fatty acids in aqueous samples. , 2000, Journal of chromatography. A.

[35]  A. Addou,et al.  Influence of peroxynitrite in gliding arc discharge treatment of alizarin red s and postdischarge effects , 2013 .

[36]  M. Louhi-Kultanen,et al.  Oxidation of Aqueous Paracetamol by Pulsed Corona Discharge , 2013 .

[37]  D. Dandy,et al.  Development of a tubular high-density plasma reactor for water treatment. , 2006, Water research.

[38]  Jeyong Yoon,et al.  Oxidative degradation of dimethylsulfoxide by locally concentrated hydroxyl radicals in streamer corona discharge process. , 2006, Chemosphere.

[39]  Claudio Ceretta,et al.  Comparison of the rates of phenol advanced oxidation in deionized and tap water within a dielectric barrier discharge reactor. , 2012, Water research.

[40]  S. Nomura,et al.  Degradation of Methylene Blue by RF Plasma in Water , 2008 .

[41]  Mundiyath Venugopalan,et al.  Plasma Chemistry I , 1980 .

[42]  Dan Lv,et al.  Characteristics of gas-liquid pulsed discharge plasma reactor and dye decoloration efficiency. , 2012, Journal of environmental sciences.

[43]  Yanan Liu,et al.  Carbamazepine removal from water by dielectric barrier discharge: Comparison of ex situ and in situ discharge on water , 2012 .

[44]  J. Brisset,et al.  Organic pollutants abatement and biodecontamination of brewery effluents by a non-thermal quenched plasma at atmospheric pressure. , 2007, Chemosphere.

[45]  A. Samir,et al.  Corona Discharge With Electrospraying System for Phenol Removal From Water , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[46]  W. C. Finney,et al.  Aqueous phase pulsed streamer corona reactor using suspended activated carbon particles for phenol oxidation : Model-data comparison , 1999 .

[47]  Víctor Matamoros,et al.  Contaminant Removal Processes in Subsurface-Flow Constructed Wetlands: A Review , 2010 .

[48]  E. Hnatiuc,et al.  The evolution of aqueous solutions properties exposed to a GlidArc discharge , 2012, 2012 13th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM).

[49]  J. Gajewski,et al.  Some hydrocarbon derivative compounds decomposition using the HV impulse discharges , 2004 .

[50]  T. Cui,et al.  Electrochemical oxidation of aqueous phenol at low concentration using Ti/BDD electrode , 2012 .

[51]  R. Joshi,et al.  Streamer-Like Electrical Discharges in Water: Part I. Fundamental Mechanisms , 2013, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing.

[52]  C. Subrahmanyam,et al.  Green Approach for Wastewater Treatment—Degradation and Mineralization of Aqueous Organic Pollutants by Discharge Plasma , 2012 .

[53]  B. Locke,et al.  Analysis and Review of Chemical Reactions and Transport Processes in Pulsed Electrical Discharge Plasma Formed Directly in Liquid Water , 2012, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing.

[54]  C. Pulgarin,et al.  Gliding Arc Discharge (GAD) assisted catalytic degradation of bisphenol A in solution with ferrous ions , 2008 .

[55]  P. Letona,et al.  Author's personal copy Removal of pharmaceuticals and kinetics of mineralization by O3/H2O2 in a biotreated municipal wastewater , 2008 .

[56]  Ming-hua Zhou,et al.  Non-thermal plasma-induced photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol in water. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[57]  Xiaoyan He,et al.  Decoloration of alizarin red S in aqueous solution by glow discharge electrolysis , 2008 .

[58]  P. Ceccato.  Filamentary plasma discharge inside water : initiation and propagation of a plasma in a dense medium , 2009 .

[59]  K. Satoh,et al.  Decomposition of Methylene Blue in an Aqueous Solution Using a Pulsed‐Discharge Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure , 2012 .

[60]  Yan Wu,et al.  Plasma-TiO2 catalytic method for high-efficiency remediation of p-nitrophenol contaminated soil in pulsed discharge. , 2011, Environmental science & technology.

[61]  R. Boxman,et al.  Submerged Arc Breakdown of Methylene Blue in Aqueous Solutions , 2012, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing.

[62]  V. Pârvulescu,et al.  Pulsed Corona Discharge for Degradation of Methylene Blue in Water , 2013, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing.

[63]  P. Lukeš,et al.  Aqueous‐Phase Chemistry of Electrical Discharge Plasma in Water and in Gas–Liquid Environments , 2012 .

[64]  J. Bayona,et al.  Screening of 47 organic microcontaminants in agricultural irrigation waters and their soil loading. , 2011, Water research.

[65]  W. Yuan,et al.  Pulsed high-voltage discharge plasma for degradation of phenol in aqueous solution , 2004 .

[66]  K. Satoh,et al.  Phenol Decomposition by Pulsed‐Discharge Plasma Above a Water Surface in Oxygen and Argon Atmosphere , 2013 .

[67]  N. A. Debacher,et al.  Pyrite-enhanced methylene blue degradation in non-thermal plasma water treatment reactor. , 2012, Journal of hazardous materials.

[68]  A. Addou,et al.  TiO2-assisted degradation of a perfluorinated surfactant in aqueous solutions treated by gliding arc discharge. , 2008, Chemosphere.

[69]  A. Fridman.  Plasma Chemistry: Gas-Phase Inorganic Synthesis in Plasma , 2008 .

[70]  D. Kolpin,et al.  Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams , 2005 .

[71]  Tomislav Tosti,et al.  Decolorization of reactive black 5 using dielectric barrier discharge in the presence of inorganic salts , 2012 .

[72]  Yong-jun Liu.  Aqueous p-chloronitrobenzene decomposition induced by contact glow discharge electrolysis. , 2009, Journal of hazardous materials.

[73]  L. Němcová,et al.  Chemical Efficiency of $\hbox{H}_{2}\hbox{O}_{2}$ Production and Decomposition of Organic Compounds Under Action of DC Underwater Discharge in Gas Bubbles , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[74]  Noriaki Sano,et al.  Influence of dissolved inorganic additives on decomposition of phenol and acetic acid in water by direct contact of gas corona discharge , 2004 .

[75]  Michael Müller,et al.  Removal of cyanide from water by means of plasma discharge technology. , 2013, Water research.

[76]  M. Belhadj,et al.  Bleaching and degradation of textile dyes by nonthermal plasma process at atmospheric pressure , 2006 .

[77]  M. Kostić,et al.  Decolorization of reactive textile dyes using water falling film dielectric barrier discharge. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.

[78]  C. Subrahmanyam,et al.  Degradation and mineralization of methylene blue by dielectric barrier discharge non-thermal plasma reactor , 2013 .

[79]  T. Ishijima,et al.  Efficient production of microwave bubble plasma in water for plasma processing in liquid , 2010 .

[80]  Edward J. Bouwer,et al.  Biodegradation and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in treatment systems: a review , 2009, Biodegradation.

[81]  A. Bogaerts,et al.  Gas discharge plasmas and their applications , 2002 .

[82]  Bruce R. Locke,et al.  Electrohydraulic Discharge and Nonthermal Plasma for Water Treatment , 2006 .

[83]  W. C. Finney,et al.  Organic dye removal from aqueous solution by glidarc discharges , 2004 .

[84]  J. Brisset,et al.  Plasma chemical degradation of phosphorous-containing warfare agents simulants. , 2010, Journal of hazardous materials.

[85]  H. Romat,et al.  Generation of active entities by the pulsed arc electrohydraulic discharge system and application to removal of atrazine. , 2005, Water research.

[86]  U. Steinfeld,et al.  Degradation of the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and iopromide by corona discharge over water. , 2009, Chemosphere.

[87]  M. Malik,et al.  Water Purification by Plasmas: Which Reactors are Most Energy Efficient? , 2010 .

[88]  M. Louhi-Kultanen,et al.  Oxidation of aqueous pharmaceuticals by pulsed corona discharge , 2013, Environmental technology.

[89]  V. Rybkin,et al.  Oxidative degradation of formic acid in aqueous solution upon dielectric-barrier discharge treatment , 2009 .

[90]  Young I Cho,et al.  Plasma Discharge in Liquid: Water Treatment and Applications , 2012 .

[91]  Y. Mok,et al.  Degradation of veterinary antibiotics by dielectric barrier discharge plasma , 2013 .

[92]  Bruno Mena Cadorin,et al.  Effect of temperature on methylene blue decolorization in aqueous medium in electrical discharge plasma reactor , 2011 .

[93]  M. Tezuka,et al.  Plasma induced degradation of chlorophenols in an aqueous solution , 1998 .

[94]  D. Dandy,et al.  Treatment of methyl tert-butyl ether contaminated water using a dense medium plasma reactor: a mechanistic and kinetic investigation. , 2003, Environmental science & technology.

[95]  S. Manolache,et al.  Dense medium plasma environments: a new approach for the disinfection of water. , 2001, Environmental science & technology.

[96]  C. Paradisi,et al.  Advanced Oxidation Process for Degradation of Aqueous Phenol in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor , 2011 .

[97]  P. Lukeš,et al.  Degradation of Substituted Phenols in a Hybrid Gas−Liquid Electrical Discharge Reactor , 2005 .

[98]  Jen-Shih Chang.  Recent development of plasma pollution control technology: a critical review , 2001 .

[99]  V. Rybkin,et al.  A Study of Sulfonol Decomposition in Water Solutions Under the Action of Dielectric Barrier Discharge in the Presence of Different Heterogeneous Catalysts , 2012, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing.

[100]  J. Brisset,et al.  Chemical Reactivity of Discharges and Temporal Post-Discharges in Plasma Treatment of Aqueous Media: Examples of Gliding Discharge Treated Solutions , 2008 .

[101]  D. M. Willberg,et al.  Degradation of 4-Chlorophenol, 3,4-Dichloroaniline, and 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene in an Electrohydraulic Discharge Reactor , 1996 .

[102]  F. Gagné,et al.  Occurrence of pharmaceutical products in a municipal effluent and toxicity to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) hepatocytes. , 2006, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[103]  Xingxing Cheng,et al.  Kinetics of decolorization of azo dye by bipolar pulsed barrier discharge in a three-phase discharge plasma reactor. , 2007, Journal of hazardous materials.

[104]  Li Chen,et al.  Analysis of the degradation mechanism of methylene blue by atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge plasma , 2010 .

[105]  D. Gerrity,et al.  Application of a novel plasma-based advanced oxidation process for efficient and cost-effective destruction of refractory organics in tertiary effluents and contaminated groundwater , 2009 .

[106]  S. Cavadias,et al.  Removal of Model Pollutants in Aqueous Solution by Gliding Arc Discharge: Determination of Removal Mechanisms. Part I: Experimental Study , 2013, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing.

[107]  B. Dojčinović,et al.  Plasma assisted degradation of phenol solutions , 2008 .

[108]  C. Du,et al.  Comparison of Acid Orange 7 Degradation in Solution by Gliding Arc Discharge with Different Forms of TiO2 , 2012 .

[109]  T. Lekkas,et al.  Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface waters and treated wastewater in Greece. , 2002, Water research.

[110]  Y. Mok,et al.  Degradation of an azo dye Orange II using a gas phase dielectric barrier discharge reactor submerged in water , 2008 .

[111]  Aili Zhang,et al.  Treatment of highly-concentrated phenol wastewater with an extractive membrane reactor using silicone rubber , 2006 .

[112]  O. Takai,et al.  Special type of plasma dielectric barrier discharge reactor for direct ozonization of water and degradation of organic pollution , 2008 .

[113]  Lei Wang.  4-Chlorophenol Degradation and Hydrogen Peroxide Formation Induced by DC Diaphragm Glow Discharge in an Aqueous Solution , 2009 .

[114]  Y. Adewuyi,et al.  Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) involving ultrasound for waste water treatment: a review with emphasis on cost estimation. , 2010, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[115]  V. Rybkin,et al.  Plasma-Catalytic Decomposition of Phenols in Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge , 2006 .

[116]  X. D. Li,et al.  Degradation of gas-liquid gliding arc discharge on Acid Orange II. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[117]  G. JinZhang,et al.  A Novel Technique for Wastewater Treatment by Contact Glow-discharge Electrolysis , 2006 .

[118]  Ho-Suk Choi,et al.  Comparative Actions of NiO and TiO2 Catalysts on the Destruction of Phenol and its Derivatives in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge , 2007 .

[119]  J. Brisset,et al.  Combined Effects of Long-Living Chemical Species during Microbial Inactivation Using Atmospheric Plasma-Treated Water , 2010, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[120]  Eric Hu,et al.  Electrosorption: an alternative option for desalination , 2007 .

[121]  Xiao-yan Wang,et al.  Application of glow discharge plasma for wastewater treatment , 2012 .

[122]  J. Brisset,et al.  NON THERMAL PLASMA TREATMENT FOR OXIDATION OF HALOGENATED ORGANIC MOLECULES. , 1999 .

[123]  Bo Jiang,et al.  Review on electrical discharge plasma technology for wastewater remediation , 2014 .

[124]  Xiaoyan He,et al.  Decoloration of aqueous Brilliant Green by using glow discharge electrolysis. , 2006, Journal of hazardous materials.

[125]  Y. Dong,et al.  Degradation of nitenpyram pesticide in aqueous solution by low-temperature plasma , 2013, Environmental technology.

[126]  Yanzong Zhang,et al.  Comparison of catalysis of different activated carbon in pulsed discharge reactor , 2011 .

[127]  Zengliang Yu,et al.  Degradation of microcystin-LR in water by glow discharge plasma oxidation at the gas-solution interface and its safety evaluation. , 2012, Water research.

[128]  V. Rybkin,et al.  Application of Dielectric Barrier Discharge for Waste Water Purification , 2011 .

[129]  Christophe Leys,et al.  Non-thermal plasmas in and in contact with liquids , 2009 .

[130]  F Abdelmalek,et al.  Plasmachemical degradation of azo dyes by humid air plasma: Yellow Supranol 4 GL, Scarlet Red Nylosan F3 GL and industrial waste. , 2004, Water research.

[131]  Susumu Sato,et al.  A novel liquid plasma AOP device integrating microwaves and ultrasounds and its evaluation in defluorinating perfluorooctanoic acid in aqueous media. , 2011, Ultrasonics sonochemistry.

[132]  S. Cavadias,et al.  Decoloration of Methyl Red by gliding arc discharge , 2011 .

[133]  Jianshe Liu,et al.  Degradation of reactive dyes by contact glow discharge electrolysis in the presence of Cl− ions: kinetics and AOX formation , 2011 .

[134]  V. Pârvulescu,et al.  Degradation of antibiotics in water by non-thermal plasma treatment. , 2011, Water research.

[135]  S. Sengupta,et al.  Contact glow discharge electrolysis : a study of its chemical yields in aqueous inert-type electrolytes , 1994 .

[136]  G. B. Josephson,et al.  Destruction of Pentachlorophenol Using Glow Discharge Plasma Process , 2000 .

[137]  Chauhan,et al.  Degradation of perchloroethylene and dichlorophenol by pulsed-electric discharge and bioremediation , 1998, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[138]  J. S. Clements,et al.  Oxidative Processes Occurring When Pulsed High Voltage Discharges Degrade Phenol in Aqueous Solution , 2000 .

[139]  R. D'agostino,et al.  Effect of Gas Impurities on the Operation of Dielectric Barrier Discharges Fed with He, Ar, and Ar‐C3F6 , 2011 .

[140]  Zheng Zheng,et al.  Low-temperature plasma-induced degradation of aqueous 2,4-dinitrophenol. , 2008, Journal of hazardous materials.

[141]  S. Kartohardjono,et al.  Contact glow discharge electrolysis system for treatment of wastewater containing ammonia , 2013 .

[142]  Benjamin D. Stanford,et al.  An evaluation of a pilot-scale nonthermal plasma advanced oxidation process for trace organic compound degradation. , 2010, Water research.

[143]  J. Foster,et al.  A Comparative Study of the Time-Resolved Decomposition of Methylene Blue Dye Under the Action of a Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed DBD Plasma Jet Using Liquid Chromatography and Spectrophotometry , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science.

[144]  B. Locke,et al.  Side-Chain Degradation of Atrazine by Pulsed Electrical Discharge in Water , 2007 .

[145]  Ming-hua Zhou,et al.  Wastewater Treatment Using a Heterogeneous Magnetite (Fe3O4) Non‐Thermal Plasma Process , 2007 .

[146]  S. Richardson.  Water analysis: emerging contaminants and current issues. , 2009, Analytical chemistry.

[147]  Adriano Joss,et al.  Biological degradation of pharmaceuticals in municipal wastewater treatment: proposing a classification scheme. , 2006, Water research.

[148]  M. Tezuka,et al.  Plasma-induced degradation of aniline in aqueous solution , 2001 .