The excessive use of antibiotics has enabled bacteria to develop resistance through a variety of mechanisms. The most common bacteriostatic action of the broad-spectrum antibiotic tetracycline (Tc) is by the inactivation of the bacterial ribosome so that the protein biosynthesis is interrupted and the bacteria die. The most common mechanism of resistance in gram-negative bacteria against Tc is associated with the membrane-intrinsic protein TetA, which exports invaded Tc out of the bacterial cell before it can attack its target, the ribosome. The expression of TetA is tightly regulated by the homodimeric Tet repressor (TetR)(2), which binds specifically with two helix-turn-helix motifs of operator DNA (tetO; K(ass) approximately 10(11) M(-1)) located upstream from the tetA gene on a plasmid or transposon. When Tc diffuses into the cell it chelates Mg(2+) and the complex [MgTc](+) binds to (TetR)(2) to form the induced complex (TetR small middle dot[MgTc](+))(2). This process is associated with conformational changes, which sharply reduce the affinity of (TetR)(2) to tetO, so that expression of TetA can take place, thus conferring resistance to the bacteria cells against Tc. Crystallographic studies show sequence-specific protein-nucleic acid interactions in the (TetR)(2) small middle dottetO complex and how the binding of two [MgTc](+) to (TetR)(2) enforces conformational changes that are stabilized by cooperative binding of two chains of eight water molecules each so that the formed (TetR small middle dot[MgTc](+))(2) is no longer able to recognize and bind to tetO. Since the switching mechanisms of the TetR/[MgTc](+) system is so tight, it has proven very useful in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and may also be applicable in gene therapy.