On vibration properties of human vocal folds

Videokymography is a new optical high-speed method for investigation of vibrations which was developed especially for examination of vocal-fold vibrations. Videokymography is based on a modified CCD video camera, which is able to work in two different modes: standard and high-speed. In the standard mode the camera works as a normal commercial video camera providing 25 images (50 interlaced fields) per second. In the high-speed mode the camera delivers images from a single selected line with a frequency of almost 8000 line images/s. The successive line images are put below each other, creating a new videokymographic image monitoring vibration of the selected part of the vocal folds in time. A foot switch makes it possible to change instantaneously between the standard and high-speed modes. Ordinary videolaryngoscopic equipment with a powerful endoscopic continuous-light source can be used for the videokymographic examination of the vocal folds. Both the standard as well as high-speed images can be recorded by means of a normal video recorder, which makes the technique cost-friendly. The method is able to objectively evaluate important parameters of the vocal-fold vibration, such as the open, opening, closing and closed phases of the vibratory cycle, propagation of mucosal waves, left-right differences in phase or amplitude, etc. Videokymography provides more detailed information on voice disorders and considerably enriches laryngostroboscopy. There is no problem for videokymography to evaluate hoarse or unstable voices in which laryngostroboscopy fails. Also, the method is able to reveal structural irregularities on the medial surface of the vocal fold (e.g., sulcus glottidis) which can easily be overlooked in laryngostroboscopy. It is demonstrated how combination of a few laryngostroboscopic and videokymographic images can shortly and efficiently summarize important anatomical, physiological/pathological and vibrational properties of the laryngeal tissues in various patients.

[1]  Ingo Titze,et al.  Nonlinear dynamics of the voice: Signal analysis and biomechanical modeling. , 1995, Chaos.

[2]  Minoru Hirano,et al.  Vocal mechanisms in singing: Laryngological and phoniatric aspects , 1988 .

[3]  B. Roubeau,et al.  Electroglottographic study of the changes of voice registers. , 1987, Folia phoniatrica.

[4]  The falsetto. A high speed cinematographic study , 1960, The Laryngoscope.

[5]  W. Lutzenberger,et al.  Fractal dimension of sustained vowel productions in neurological dysphonias: an acoustic and electroglottographic analysis. , 1997, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[6]  D. Berry,et al.  Normal modes in a continuum model of vocal fold tissues. , 1996, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[7]  I R Titze,et al.  On the mechanics of vocal-fold vibration. , 1976, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[8]  M. Hirano,et al.  An Apparatus for Ultra-High-Speed Cinematography of the Vocal Cords , 1974, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.

[9]  J. Flanagan,et al.  Synthesis of voiced sounds from a two-mass model of the vocal cords , 1972 .

[10]  R H Colton,et al.  Perceptual differentiation of the modal and falsetto registers. , 1973, Folia phoniatrica.

[11]  B. Hammarberg.  Pitch and quality characteristics of mutational voice disorders before and after therapy. , 1987, Folia phoniatrica.

[12]  W J Gould,et al.  Analysis of high-speed motion pictures of the vocal folds. , 1975, Folia phoniatrica.

[13]  I. Titze,et al.  Preliminaries to the body-cover theory of pitch control* , 1988 .

[14]  Hanspeter Herzel,et al.  Bifurcations in a vocal fold model , 1995, Nonlinear Dynamics.

[15]  D. Bless,et al.  Videostroboscopic examination of the larynx , 1993 .

[16]  Volker Gall,et al.  Bestimmung physikalischer Parameter der Stimmlippenschwingungen mit Hilfe der Larynxphotokymographie , 1973 .

[17]  Johan Liljencrants.  Experiments with analysis by synthesis of glottal airflow , 1996, Proceeding of Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing. ICSLP '96.

[18]  M. Hirano.  Morphological structure of the vocal cord as a vibrator and its variations. , 1974, Folia phoniatrica.

[19]  H. K. Schutte,et al.  Videokymography: high-speed line scanning of vocal fold vibration. , 1996, Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation.

[20]  Neville H Fletcher.  Nonlinearity, complexity, and control in vocal systems , 1996 .

[21]  K. Stevens.  Physics of Laryngeal Behavior and Larynx Modes , 1977, Phonetica.

[22]  P Kitzing,et al.  Photo- and electroglottographical recording of the laryngeal vibratory pattern during different registers. , 1982, Folia phoniatrica.

[23]  Hans von Leden,et al.  Die Stroboskopie in der praktischen Laryngologie. , 1962 .

[24]  H. K. Schutte,et al.  Determination of parameters for lumped parameter models of the vocal folds using a finite-element method approach , 1999 .

[25]  Yutaka Isogai.  Laryngostrobography by the Newly Developed Strobo-Motion-Analyzer , 1994 .

[26]  H. Herzel,et al.  Bifurcations in an asymmetric vocal-fold model. , 1995, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[27]  I. Titze.  The physics of small-amplitude oscillation of the vocal folds. , 1988, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[28]  Yutaka Isogai,et al.  Analysis of the Vocal Fold Vibration by the Laryngo-strobography , 1996 .

[29]  M. García,et al.  Observations on the Human Voice , 1862, The British and foreign medico-chirurgical review.

[30]  H. K. Schutte,et al.  First results of clinical application of videokymography , 1998, The Laryngoscope.

[31]  Ingo R. Titze,et al.  The perceptual nature of vocal register change , 1987 .

[32]  Hanspeter Herzel,et al.  CHAOS AND BIFURCATIONS DURING VOICED SPEECH , 1991 .

[33]  Mark Richardson,et al.  Is It a Mode Shape, or an Operating Deflection Shape? , 1997 .

[34]  R TIMCKE,et al.  Laryngeal vibrations: measurements of the glottic wave. I. The normal vibratory cycle. , 1958, A.M.A. archives of otolaryngology.

[35]  H. Schutte,et al.  Toward a definition of male 'head' register, passaggio, and 'cover' in western operatic singing. , 1994, Folia phoniatrica et logopaedica : official organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics.

[36]  Ingo R. Titze,et al.  A framework for the study of vocal registers , 1988 .

[37]  Harry Hollien,et al.  On vocal registers , 1974 .

[38]  Volker Gall.  Fotokymografische Befunde bei funktionellen Dysphonien, Kehlkopflähmungen und Stimmlippentumoren , 1978 .

[39]  E Vilkman,et al.  Vocal-fold collision mass as a differentiator between registers in the low-pitch range. , 1995, Journal of voice : official journal of the Voice Foundation.

[40]  H. K. Schutte,et al.  Videokymography: research and clinical issues , 1997 .

[41]  H von Leden,et al.  Vocal initiation. High speed cinematographic studies on normal subjects. , 1970, Folia phoniatrica.

[42]  H. von Leden,et al.  Dynamic variations of the vibratory pattern in the normal larynx. , 1958, Folia phoniatrica.

[43]  The Effect of Certain Parameters on the Perception of Vocal Registers , 1973 .

[44]  N Isshiki,et al.  Clinical Significance of Asymmetrical Vocal Cord Tension , 1977, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.

[45]  M. Hess,et al.  Endoskopische Darstellung von Stimmlippenschwingungen Digitale Hochgeschwindigkeitsaufnahmen mit verschieden Systemen , 1996, HNO.

[46]  Volker Gall.  Strip kymography of the glottis , 2004, Archives of oto-rhino-laryngology.

[47]  H Hirose,et al.  High-speed digital imaging of vocal fold vibration. , 1988, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[48]  Hanspeter Herzel,et al.  Bifurcations and Chaos in Voice Signals , 1993 .

[49]  R H Colton.  Some acoustic parameters related to the perception of modal-falsetto voice quality. , 1973, Folia phoniatrica.

[50]  H. von Leden,et al.  Ultra high speed photography in laryngeal physiology. , 1962, The Journal of speech and hearing disorders.

[51]  Jorge C. Lucero,et al.  Chest‐ and falsetto‐like oscillations in a two‐mass model of the vocal folds , 1996 .

[52]  J. Ohala,et al.  Regulation of register, pitch and intensity of voice. An electromyographic investigation of intrinsic laryngeal muscles. , 1970, Folia phoniatrica.

[53]  M. Hirano,et al.  Clinical Examination of Voice , 1981 .

[54]  Hanspeter Herzel,et al.  Bifurcations and chaos in newborn infant cries , 1990 .

[55]  D. Weiss.  The pubertal change of the human voice. , 1950, Folia phoniatrica.

[56]  T. Haji.  Mechanical properties of the vocal fold. , 1990 .

[57]  Shigeru Kiritani,et al.  High-speed digital image analysis of vocal cord vibration in diplophonia , 1993, Speech Commun..

[58]  A. Shiotani,et al.  Vocal fold vibration in simulated head voice phonation in excised canine larynges , 2004, European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology.

[59]  D. Berry,et al.  Analysis of vocal disorders with methods from nonlinear dynamics. , 1994, Journal of speech and hearing research.

[60]  Ingo R. Titze,et al.  Role of the thyroarytenoid muscle in regulation of fundamental frequency , 1989 .

[61]  J. Lucero.  A theoretical study of the hysteresis phenomenon at vocal fold oscillation onset-offset. , 1999, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[62]  N Isshiki,et al.  Computer simulation of pathological vocal-cord vibration. , 1976, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.