Cardiac magnetic resonance assessment of mechanical dyssynchrony

Purpose of review Echocardiographic techniques have played a major role in the assessment of mechanical dyssynchrony and the selection of patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy. The accuracy and reliability of such measures, however, have recently been placed under great scrutiny. This has shifted interest to cardiovascular magnetic resonance as an alternative method to assess myocardial dyssynchrony but these methods are relatively underdeveloped and not used widely clinically. Accordingly, the purpose of this review is to highlight existing and emerging CMR acquisition methods for quantifying dyssynchrony as well as the potential role of CMR to improve patient selection for CRT. Recent findings CMR has a number of advantages over current echocardiographic methods for the assessment of myocardial dyssynchrony including quantitative assessment of circumferential strain and myocardial scar burden and distribution. Recent studies also demonstrate the ability to perform CMR in patients with CRT devices. Summary CMR assessment of myocardial dyssynchrony is a logical alternative to echocardiographic based methods that provides highly quantitative and reproducible data sets of function and scar that are predictive of CRT response. The future ability to perform CMR imaging in patients pre-CRT and post-CRT may for the first time allow full characterization of CRT response.

[1]  Emanuel Kanal,et al.  Outcome of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in Selected Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators (ICDs) , 2005, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[2]  Gerhard Steinbeck,et al.  Complete Loss of ICD Programmability After Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2004, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[3]  J Gieseke,et al.  MR imaging and cardiac pacemakers: in-vitro evaluation and in-vivo studies in 51 patients at 0.5 T. , 2000, Radiology.

[4]  Michel Haissaguerre,et al.  Comparison of characteristics in responders versus nonresponders with biventricular pacing for drug-resistant congestive heart failure. , 2002, The American journal of cardiology.

[5]  H. Litt,et al.  Do we need pacemakers resistant to magnetic resonance imaging? , 2006, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[6]  T. Tezel,et al.  Echocardiographic prediction of long‐term response to biventricular pacemaker in severe heart failure , 2002, European journal of heart failure.

[7]  H. Wen,et al.  DENSE: displacement encoding with stimulated echoes in cardiac functional MRI. , 1999, Journal of magnetic resonance.

[8]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Results of the Predictors of Response to CRT (PROSPECT) Trial , 2008, Circulation.

[9]  Maria Drangova,et al.  Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging predicts response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with intraventricular dyssynchrony. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[10]  E Fleck,et al.  Effect of Resynchronization Therapy Stimulation Site on the Systolic Function of Heart Failure Patients , 2001, Circulation.

[11]  Christophe Leclercq,et al.  Cardiac Dyssynchrony Analysis Using Circumferential Versus Longitudinal Strain: Implications for Assessing Cardiac Resynchronization , 2005, Circulation.

[12]  L. Axel,et al.  MR imaging of motion with spatial modulation of magnetization. , 1989, Radiology.

[13]  H. Halperin,et al.  Clinical Utility and Safety of a Protocol for Noncardiac and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Patients With Permanent Pacemakers and Implantable-Cardioverter Defibrillators at 1.5 Tesla , 2006, Circulation.

[14]  Peter Søgaard,et al.  Tissue Doppler imaging predicts improved systolic performance and reversed left ventricular remodeling during long-term cardiac resynchronization therapy. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[15]  F. Epstein.  MRI of left ventricular function , 2007, Journal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology.

[16]  R M Heethaar,et al.  Timing of cardiac contraction in humans mapped by high-temporal-resolution MRI tagging: early onset and late peak of shortening in lateral wall. , 2004, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[17]  W. O'Dell,et al.  Three-dimensional myocardial deformations: calculation with displacement field fitting to tagged MR images. , 1995, Radiology.

[18]  M. Frenneaux,et al.  Late gadolinium enhancement-cardiovascular magnetic resonance as a predictor of response to cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy. , 2007, Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology.

[19]  J. Zwanenburg,et al.  Propagation of onset and peak time of myocardial shortening in time of myocardial shortening in ischemic versus nonischemic cardiomyopathy: assessment by magnetic resonance imaging myocardial tagging. , 2005, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[20]  H. Halperin,et al.  Systolic Improvement and Mechanical Resynchronization Does Not Require Electrical Synchrony in the Dilated Failing Heart With Left Bundle-Branch Block , 2002, Circulation.

[21]  Paolo Rizzon,et al.  Clinical Application of Echocardiographic Findings Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Tailored by Echocardiographic Evaluation of Ventricular Asynchrony , 2016 .

[22]  Erik Kongsgaard,et al.  Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Dysfunction During and After Magnetic Resonance Imaging , 2002, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[23]  Effects of ventricular pacing on finite deformation in canine left ventricles. , 1987, The American journal of physiology.

[24]  Nael F Osman,et al.  Real‐time fast strain‐encoded magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate regional myocardial function at 3.0 Tesla: Comparison to conventional tagging , 2008, Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI.

[25]  Peter Boesiger,et al.  In vivo heating of pacemaker leads during magnetic resonance imaging. , 2005, European heart journal.

[26]  Frederick H Epstein,et al.  Measurement of myocardial mechanics in mice before and after infarction using multislice displacement-encoded MRI with 3D motion encoding. , 2005, American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology.

[27]  Jerry L. Prince,et al.  Imaging heart motion using harmonic phase MRI , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[28]  L. Fauchier,et al.  Interventricular and intraventricular dyssynchrony in idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy: a prognostic study with fourier phase analysis of radionuclide angioscintigraphy. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[29]  Robert Fair,et al.  Magnetic resonance imaging and cardiac pacemaker safety at 1.5-Tesla. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[30]  B L Wilkoff,et al.  Safe Performance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Five Patients with Permanent Cardiac Pacemakers , 1996, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[31]  P Boesiger,et al.  Force and Torque Effects of a 1.5‐Tesla MRI Scanner on Cardiac Pacemakers and ICDs , 2001, Pacing and clinical electrophysiology : PACE.

[32]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Relationship Between QRS Duration and Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony in Patients with End‐Stage Heart Failure , 2004, Journal of cardiovascular electrophysiology.

[33]  Henry R. Halperin,et al.  Modern Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter/Defibrillator Systems Can Be Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safe: In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of Safety and Function at 1.5 T , 2004, Circulation.

[34]  D. Kass,et al.  Ventricular resynchronization: pathophysiology and identification of responders. , 2003, Reviews in cardiovascular medicine.

[35]  Angelo Auricchio,et al.  Echocardiographic quantification of left ventricular asynchrony predicts an acute hemodynamic benefit of cardiac resynchronization therapy. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[36]  O. Simonetti,et al.  The use of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to identify reversible myocardial dysfunction. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.

[37]  E. Zerhouni,et al.  Human heart: tagging with MR imaging--a method for noninvasive assessment of myocardial motion. , 1988, Radiology.

[38]  Sebastian Kelle,et al.  Visualization of the cardiac venous system using cardiac magnetic resonance. , 2008, The American journal of cardiology.

[39]  Randy Martin,et al.  Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting--a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. , 2008, Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography : official publication of the American Society of Echocardiography.

[40]  John N Oshinski,et al.  Three-directional myocardial phase-contrast tissue velocity MR imaging with navigator-echo gating: in vivo and in vitro study. , 2008, Radiology.

[41]  Y. Fung,et al.  Transmural Myocardial Deformation in the Canine Left Ventricle: Normal in Vivo Three‐Dimensional Finite Strains , 1985, Circulation research.

[42]  Gregory S. Nelson,et al.  Left Ventricular or Biventricular Pacing Improves Cardiac Function at Diminished Energy Cost in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Left Bundle-Branch Block , 2000, Circulation.

[43]  Nael F Osman,et al.  Three-Dimensional Mapping of Optimal Left Ventricular Pacing Site for Cardiac Resynchronization , 2007, Circulation.

[44]  Jeroen J. Bax,et al.  Effect of Posterolateral Scar Tissue on Clinical and Echocardiographic Improvement After Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy , 2006, Circulation.

[45]  Matthias Stuber,et al.  Real‐time imaging of regional myocardial function using fast‐SENC , 2006, Magnetic resonance in medicine.