40 years of boxplots

John Tukey has been credited with introducing the box and whiskers plot 1 in his book Exploratory Data Analysis [15]. Over time, the box and whiskers plot has been shortened to the boxplot, but despite the name simplification the boxplot is still the same five-number summary including: • the median, • two hinges, which are typically the first and third quartiles, • the upper and lower extremes. These are simply the minimum and maximum of a batch of data unless outliers exist. In the case that outliers exist, the extremes are 1.5 times the inter-quartile range (3rd quartile 1st quartile). • two whiskers that connect the quartile to the extreme value on each side, and • outliers. An outlier is a point that is greater than or less than 1.5 times the inter-quartile range.

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