The influence of saccharin adsorption on NiFe alloy film growth mechanisms during electrodeposition

This article deals with the effects of current modes on saccharin adsorption during NiFe electrodeposition, and, as a consequence, its effect on chemical composition, crystal structure, and microstructure of deposited films. For this purpose, we obtained NiFe films using direct, pulse, and pulse-reverse electrodeposition modes. The deposit composition, crystal structure, and surface microstructure are studied. Direct current (DC) and pulse current (PC) films have a smooth surface, while a pulse-reverse current (PRC) film surface is covered by a volumetric cauliflower-like microstructure. The mechanism of the film surface development was considered from the point of view of saccharin adsorption and its action as an inhibitor of vertical grain growth during different current modes. During the DC and PC modes, saccharin is freely adsorbed on the growth centers and restrains their vertical growth. Whereas in the case of the PRC electrodeposition, saccharin adsorbs during cathodic pulses and desorbs during anodic pulses. Therefore, its inhibiting action decreases, vertical grain growth rises, and a rougher surface develops.

[1]  A. Kozlovskiy,et al.  Mechanisms of elastoplastic deformation and their effect on hardness of nanogranular Ni-Fe coatings , 2021, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences.

[2]  I. Yakovlev,et al.  Synthesis and Composition Study of Electrochemically Deposited Ni-P Coating with Increased Surface Area , 2021, Coatings.

[3]  A. Kozlovskiy,et al.  Efficiency of Magnetostatic Protection Using Nanostructured Permalloy Shielding Coatings Depending on Their Microstructure , 2021, Nanomaterials.

[4]  D. Michels,et al.  Method of surface energy investigation by lateral AFM: application to control growth mechanism of nanostructured NiFe films , 2020, Scientific Reports.

[5]  G. Janusas,et al.  Comparing Methods for Calculating Nano Crystal Size of Natural Hydroxyapatite Using X-Ray Diffraction , 2020, Nanomaterials.

[6]  D. Michels,et al.  Early-Stage Growth Mechanism and Synthesis Conditions-Dependent Morphology of Nanocrystalline Bi Films Electrodeposited from Perchlorate Electrolyte , 2020, Nanomaterials.

[7]  A. Kozlovskiy,et al.  The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 2D Nanostructured Au/NiFe System , 2020, Nanomaterials.

[8]  A. Kozlovskiy,et al.  Features of the Growth Processes and Magnetic Domain Structure of NiFe Nano-objects , 2019, The Journal of Physical Chemistry C.

[9]  S. Suh,et al.  Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of sputtered NiFe/Cu multi-layer thin film at high frequencies , 2019, Thin Solid Films.

[10]  A. Kozlovskiy,et al.  Control of Growth Mechanism of Electrodeposited Nanocrystalline NiFe Films , 2019, Journal of The Electrochemical Society.

[11]  M. Zdorovets,et al.  Correlation Between Composition and Electrodynamics Properties in Nanocomposites Based on Hard/Soft Ferrimagnetics with Strong Exchange Coupling , 2019, Nanomaterials.

[12]  P. Thakur,et al.  Control of electromagnetic properties in substituted M-type hexagonal ferrites , 2018, Journal of Alloys and Compounds.

[13]  A. Trukhanov,et al.  Electrochemical deposition regimes and critical influence of organic additives on the structure of Bi films , 2018 .

[14]  L. Panina,et al.  Polarization origin and iron positions in indium doped barium hexaferrites , 2018 .

[15]  M. Aliofkhazraei,et al.  Electrodeposition of Ni-Fe alloys, composites, and nano coatings–A review , 2017 .

[16]  Q. T. Le,et al.  Low operational current spin Hall nano-oscillators based on NiFe/W bilayers , 2016 .

[17]  G. Sundararajan,et al.  Influence of mode of electrodeposition, current density and saccharin on the microstructure and hardness of electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel coatings , 2016 .

[18]  X. Lia,et al.  Current Sensor Based on Nanocrystalline NiFe/Cu/NiFe Thin Film☆ , 2016 .

[19]  A. Balagurov,et al.  Crystal structure and magnetic properties of the BaFe12−xInxO19 (x=0.1–1.2) solid solutions , 2015 .

[20]  A. Brenner Electrodeposition of Alloys: Principles and Practice , 2013 .

[21]  M. Sánchez,et al.  Enhancement of anomalous codeposition in the synthesis of Fe–Ni alloys in nanopores , 2013 .

[22]  A. Csík,et al.  Near-substrate composition depth profile of direct current-plated and pulse-plated Fe–Ni alloys , 2013, 1402.3943.

[23]  Qian Yang,et al.  Study on the corrosion properties of nanocrystalline nickel electrodepositied by reverse pulse current , 2013 .

[24]  Lin Zhu,et al.  Studies of magnetic properties of permalloy (Fe–30%Ni) prepared by SLM technology , 2012 .

[25]  D. Sobha Jayakrishnan,et al.  Electrodeposition: the versatile technique for nanomaterials , 2012 .

[26]  Giovanni Zangari,et al.  Theory and Practice of Metal Electrodeposition , 2011 .

[27]  M. Chandrasekar,et al.  Pulse and pulse reverse plating—Conceptual,advantages and applications , 2008 .

[28]  W. C. Ng,et al.  Development of Ni80Fe20/Cu nanocrystalline composite wires by pulse-reverse electrodeposition , 2008 .

[29]  A. Gewirth,et al.  SERS Examination of Saccharin Adsorption on Ni Electrodes , 2007 .

[30]  Daniel Lincot,et al.  Electrodeposition of semiconductors , 2005 .

[31]  T. Yokoshima,et al.  Development of high-performance magnetic thin film for high-density magnetic recording , 2005 .

[32]  Shigeo Kobayashi,et al.  Mechanism of anomalous type electrodeposition of Fe-Ni alloys from sulfate solutions , 2004 .

[33]  W. Kwok,et al.  Tuning the architecture of mesostructures by electrodeposition. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[34]  Chi-Chang Hu,et al.  Non-Anomalous Codeposition of Iron-Nickel Alloys Using Pulse-Reverse Electroplating Through Means of Experimental Strategies , 2002 .

[35]  J. Judy,et al.  Co/Pt superlattices with ultra-thin Ta seed layer on NiFe underlayer for double-layer perpendicular magnetic recording media , 2000 .

[36]  Wen‐Yaung Lee,et al.  High magnetoresistance in sputtered Permalloy thin films through growth on seed layers of (Ni/sub 0.81/Fe/sub 0.19/)/sub 1-x/Cr/sub x/ , 2000 .

[37]  M. Pritzker,et al.  Modeling the Galvanostatic Pulse and Pulse Reverse Plating of Nickel‐Iron Alloys on a Rotating Disk Electrode , 1998 .

[38]  L. V. Panina,et al.  Magneto-impedance in sandwich film for magnetic sensor heads , 1996 .

[39]  B. Popov,et al.  Anomalous Codeposition of Fe‐Ni Alloys and Fe ‐ Ni ‐ SiO2 Composites under Potentiostatic Conditions Experimental Study and Mathematical Model , 1996 .

[40]  H. Blythe,et al.  An investigation of electrodeposited granular CuFe alloyed films , 1996 .

[41]  H. Blythe,et al.  Thermoremanence and zero-field-cooled susceptibility measurements of electrodeposited granular CuCo alloys , 1996 .

[42]  M. Schwartz,et al.  A Comparison of DC and Pulsed Fe‐Ni Alloy Deposits , 1993 .

[43]  D. Grimmett,et al.  Pulsed Electrodeposition of Iron‐Nickel Alloys , 1990 .

[44]  G. Chin,et al.  Metallurgy and Magnetic Properties Control in Permalloy , 1967 .

[45]  H. Dahms,et al.  The Anomalous Codeposition of Iron‐Nickel Alloys , 1965 .

[46]  R. S. Smith,et al.  Structural and Magnetic Properties of Permalloy Films , 1959 .

[47]  S. Glasstone,et al.  The electro-deposition of iron-nickel alloys , 1928 .