Bioelectronic tongue and multivariate analysis: a next step in BOD measurements.

Seven biosensors based on different semi-specific and universal microorganisms were constructed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) measurements in various synthetic industrial wastewaters. All biosensors were calibrated using OECD synthetic wastewater and the resulting calibration curves were used in the calculations of the sensor-BOD values for all biosensors. In addition, the output signals of all biosensors were analyzed as a bioelectronic tongue and comprehensive multivariate data analysis was applied to extract qualitative and quantitative information from the samples. In the case of individual biosensor measurements, most accurate result was gained when semi-specific biosensor was applied to analyze sample specific to that biosensor. Universal biosensors or biosensors semi-specific to other samples underestimated the BOD7 of the sample 10-25%. PLS regression method was used for the multivariate calibration of the biosensor array. The calculated sensor-BOD values differed from BOD7 less than 5.6% in all types of samples. By applying PCA and using three first principal components, giving 99.66% of variation, it was possible to differentiate samples by their compositions.

[1]  D. Aguado,et al.  A voltammetric electronic tongue as tool for water quality monitoring in wastewater treatment plants. , 2012, Water research.

[2]  Merlin Raud,et al.  Comparative study of semi-specific Aeromonas hydrophila and universal Pseudomonas fluorescens biosensors for BOD measurements in meat industry wastewaters. , 2012, Enzyme and microbial technology.

[3]  Antonio Riul,et al.  Recent advances in electronic tongues. , 2010, The Analyst.

[4]  Ashok Kumar,et al.  Quick and reliable estimation of BOD load of beverage industrial wastewater by developing BOD biosensor , 2008 .

[5]  Zulfiqur Ali,et al.  Data analysis for electronic nose systems , 2006 .

[6]  Y. Vlasov,et al.  Electronic tongue: Chemical sensor systems for analysis of aquatic media , 2008 .

[7]  T. Kikas,et al.  Semi-specific biosensors for measuring BOD in dairy wastewater. , 2010 .

[8]  Julian W. Gardner,et al.  Electronic noses: a review of signal processing techniques , 1999 .

[9]  T. Kikas,et al.  BOD biosensors for pulp and paper industry wastewater analysis , 2012, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[10]  A. König,et al.  Multimicrobial sensor using microstructured three-dimensional electrodes based on silicon technology. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[11]  I Karube,et al.  Microbial electrode BOD sensors , 1977, Biotechnology and bioengineering.

[12]  A. Aivasidis,et al.  Use of a microbial sensor: a new approach to the measurement of inhibitory effects on the microbial activity of activated sludge , 2002, Bioprocess and biosystems engineering.

[13]  Rita Kumar,et al.  Redefining BOD:COD ratio of pulp mill industrial wastewaters in BOD analysis by formulating a specific microbial seed , 2010 .

[14]  Myriam Servières,et al.  A chemical sensor array based system for protecting wastewater treatment plants , 2003 .

[15]  Gustaf Olsson,et al.  Short-term BOD (BODst) as a parameter for on-line monitoring of biological treatment process. Part I. A novel design of BOD biosensor for easy renewal of bio-receptor. , 2004, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[16]  C. Di Natale,et al.  Nonspecific sensor arrays ("electronic tongue") for chemical analysis of liquids (IUPAC Technical Report) , 2005 .

[17]  Hideaki Maeda,et al.  Rapid and onsite BOD sensing system using luminous bacterial cells-immobilized chip. , 2007, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[18]  Richard M. Stuetz,et al.  Monitoring wastewater BOD using a non-specific sensor array , 1999 .

[19]  M. Hruškar,et al.  Application of a potentiometric sensor array as a technique in sensory analysis. , 2010, Talanta.

[20]  Kenji Yokoyama,et al.  A rapid BOD sensing system using luminescent recombinants of Escherichia coli. , 2003, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[21]  D. Brynn Hibbert,et al.  Data Analysis of Multi‐Sensor Arrays , 1998 .

[22]  Ling Lin,et al.  Novel BOD optical fiber biosensor based on co-immobilized microorganisms in ormosils matrix. , 2006, Biosensors & bioelectronics.

[23]  M. Valle.  Electronic Tongues Employing Electrochemical Sensors , 2010 .

[24]  T. Kikas,et al.  Semi-specific Microbacterium phyllosphaerae-based microbial sensor for biochemical oxygen demand measurements in dairy wastewater , 2013, Environmental Science and Pollution Research.

[25]  A. E. Greenberg,et al.  Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater : supplement to the sixteenth edition , 1988 .

[26]  T. Tan,et al.  BOD sensors using multi-species living or thermally killed cells of a BODSEED microbial culture , 1999 .

[27]  Rasmus Bro,et al.  A new approach for modelling sensor based data , 2005 .

[28]  T. Kikas,et al.  PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA P67.2 AND PSEUDOMONAS FLOURESCENS P75 BASED MICROBIAL SENSORS FOR BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (BOD) MEASUREMENTS IN PHENOLIC WASTEWATERS OF OIL SHALE INDUSTRY , 2008 .

[29]  Jing Liu,et al.  Microbial BOD sensors for wastewater analysis. , 2002, Water research.