Solar photo-Fenton treatment—Process parameters and process control

Abstract Photo-Fenton experiments were performed using alachlor as a model compound (initial concentration 100 mg/L) in a compound parabolic collector solar pilot-plant. Three process parameters were varied following a central composite design without star points (temperature 20–50 °C, iron concentration 2–20 mg/L, illuminated volume 11.9–59.5% of total). Under all experimental conditions, complete alachlor degradation, mineralisation of chloride and 85–95% mineralisation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was achieved. An increase in temperature, iron concentration and illuminated volume from minimum to maximum value reduced the time required for 80% degradation of initial DOC by approximate factors of 5, 6 and 2, respectively. When process parameter changes were made simultaneously, these factors multiplied each other, resulting in degradation times between 20 and 1250 min. Models were designed to predict the time necessary to degrade 50 or 80% of the initial DOC applying response surface methodology (RSM). Another model based on the logistic dose response curve was also designed, which predicted the whole DOC degradation curve over time very well. The three varied process parameters (temperature, iron concentration and illuminated volume) were independent variables in all the models. Mass balances of hydrogen peroxide consumption showed that the same amount of hydrogen peroxide was always needed to degrade a certain amount of DOC regardless of variations in the process parameters within the range applied. Possible applications of the models developed for automatic process control are discussed.