Chemical Modifications of Calixarenes and their Analytical Applications

Calix[«]arenes have emerged as very attractive building blocks for supramolecular chemistry because of their easy large-scale preparation, distinctive concave molecular architecture, tuneable size of inner cavity, excellent capability of derivatisation and wide range of applications. This review covers the various recent chemical modifications of calixarenes viz. the upper rim and the lower rim funtionalizations, substitution and replacement of methylene bridges, modification of the aromatic "walls" of the calix cavity and the extension of the calix[«]arene cavity. Calix[n]arenes have been used for a multitude of applications. However, the most promising applications are based on their chemical sensing properties i.e. their binding for anions, cations and neutral molecules, their applications in liquid liquid extraction, membrane transport and their use as ion selective electrodes, which will be discussed in detail.

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