Suppression of the magnocellular pathway during saccades

Saccades create two problems for the visual system: they cause fast (but resolvable) motion of the retinal image and a change in the relationship between retinal and external spatial co-ordinates. In this review, we examine the first of these problems, of why there is no distributing sense of motion during saccades. Recent evidence from a range of sources suggests that during saccades, the magnocellular pathway is selectively suppressed, while the parvocellular pathway is functionally unimpaired, or even enhanced. The suppression seems to occur early, possibly in the lateral geniculate nucleus, where the pathways are well separated. It is possible that the suppression shares similar mechanisms to those responsible for contrast gain control.

[1]  D. Burr,et al.  Selective suppression of the magnocellular visual pathway during saccadic eye movements , 1994, Nature.

[2]  P. Cavanagh,et al.  Saccadic suppression of low-level motion , 1989, Vision Research.

[3]  P. Lennie,et al.  Contrast adaptation in striate cortex of macaque , 1989, Vision Research.

[4]  Andrew M. Derrington,et al.  Errors in direction-of-motion discrimination with complex stimuli , 1987, Vision Research.

[5]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  A direct demonstration of functional specialization in human visual cortex , 1991, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[6]  F C VOLKMANN,et al.  Vision during voluntary saccadic eye movements. , 1962, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[7]  Bruce Bridgeman,et al.  Saccadic suppression relies on luminance information , 1995, Psychological research.

[8]  D. Burr,et al.  Contrast sensitivity at high velocities , 1982, Vision Research.

[9]  Bruce Bridgeman,et al.  A theory of visual stability across saccadic eye movements , 1994, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[10]  K. D. Singh,et al.  Localization and functional analysis of human cortical area V5 using magneto-encephalography , 1996, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[11]  R. Dodge.  Visual perception during eye movement , 1900 .

[12]  S. Schwartz,et al.  Masking of the achromatic system: Implications for saccadic suppression , 1996, Vision Research.

[13]  E H Adelson,et al.  Spatiotemporal energy models for the perception of motion. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[14]  Andrew M. Derrington,et al.  Spatial frequency selectivity of remote pattern masking , 1984, Vision Research.

[15]  D. M. MACKAY,et al.  Elevation of Visual Threshold by Displacement of Retinal Image , 1970, Nature.

[16]  K. Uchikawa,et al.  Saccadic suppression of achromatic and chromatic responses measured by increment-threshold spectral sensitivity. , 1995, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics, image science, and vision.

[17]  W Reichardt,et al.  Autocorrelation, a principle for evaluation of sensory information by the central nervous system , 1961 .

[18]  Mandyam V. Srinivasan,et al.  Measurement of optical flow by a generalized gradient scheme , 1991 .

[19]  Joel Pokorny,et al.  Responses to pulses and sinusoids in macaque ganglion cells , 1994, Vision Research.

[20]  O E Favreau,et al.  Perceived velocity of moving chromatic gratings. , 1984, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[21]  A. Dale,et al.  Visual motion aftereffect in human cortical area MT revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging , 1995, Nature.

[22]  D. Burr,et al.  Seeing objects in motion , 1986, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences.

[23]  F. Campbell,et al.  Saccadic omission: Why we do not see a grey-out during a saccadic eye movement , 1978, Vision Research.

[24]  Barry B. Lee,et al.  Chapter 7 New views of primate retinal function , 1990 .

[25]  B. Knight,et al.  Contrast gain control in the primate retina: P cells are not X-like, some M cells are , 1992, Visual Neuroscience.

[26]  F. C. Volkmann.  Human visual suppression , 1986, Vision Research.

[27]  L. Croner,et al.  Receptive fields of P and M ganglion cells across the primate retina , 1995, Vision Research.

[28]  T. Nealey,et al.  Magnocellular and parvocellular contributions to responses in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of the macaque monkey , 1990, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[29]  J. Bullier,et al.  Visual latencies in areas V1 and V2 of the macaque monkey , 1995, Visual Neuroscience.

[30]  F. Campbell,et al.  Stopped visual motion , 1979, Nature.

[31]  K. Hoffmann,et al.  Motion perception during saccades , 1993, Vision Research.

[32]  William H. Merigan,et al.  P and M Pathway Specialization in the Macaque , 1991 .

[33]  N. Mai,et al.  Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage. , 1983, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[34]  J. van Santen,et al.  Elaborated Reichardt detectors. , 1985, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[35]  D. Burr,et al.  Selective depression of motion sensitivity during saccades. , 1982, The Journal of physiology.

[36]  S. Anstis,et al.  Illusory reversal of visual depth and movement during changes of contrast , 1975, Vision Research.

[37]  J. Mollon,et al.  Colour vision : physiology and psychophysics , 1983 .

[38]  William H. Ridder,et al.  Spectral characteristics of blink suppression in normal observers , 1995, Vision Research.

[39]  D J Field,et al.  Relations between the statistics of natural images and the response properties of cortical cells. , 1987, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[40]  M. Carandini,et al.  Summation and division by neurons in primate visual cortex. , 1994, Science.

[41]  R. B. Pinter,et al.  Nonlinear Vision: Determination of Neural Receptive Fields, Function, and Networks , 1992 .

[42]  E. Holst.  Relations between the central Nervous System and the peripheral organs , 1954 .

[43]  R. Shapley,et al.  Background light and the contrast gain of primate P and M retinal ganglion cells. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  D. Burr,et al.  Temporal Impulse Response Functions for Luminance and Colour During Saccades , 1996, Vision Research.

[45]  E. Matin.  Saccadic suppression: a review and an analysis. , 1974, Psychological bulletin.

[46]  J D Victor,et al.  How the contrast gain control modifies the frequency responses of cat retinal ganglion cells. , 1981, The Journal of physiology.

[47]  R. Carpenter,et al.  Movements of the Eyes , 1978 .

[48]  R. Sperry.  Neural basis of the spontaneous optokinetic response produced by visual inversion. , 1950, Journal of comparative and physiological psychology.

[49]  M. Morgan.  When it pays not to see , 1994, Nature.

[50]  Claude L. Fennema,et al.  Velocity determination in scenes containing several moving objects , 1979 .

[51]  R. Shapley,et al.  X and Y cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus of macaque monkeys. , 1982, The Journal of physiology.

[52]  John Krauskopf,et al.  Lack of Inhibition during Involuntary Saccades , 1966 .

[53]  R. Shapley,et al.  The primate retina contains two types of ganglion cells, with high and low contrast sensitivity. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[54]  I. Ohzawa,et al.  Contrast gain control in the cat visual cortex , 1982, Nature.

[55]  Arne Valberg,et al.  From Pigments to Perception , 1991, NATO ASI Series.

[56]  P. Latour.  Visual threshold during eye movements , 1962 .

[57]  D C Van Essen,et al.  Information processing in the primate visual system: an integrated systems perspective. , 1992, Science.

[58]  John H. R. Maunsell,et al.  How parallel are the primate visual pathways? , 1993, Annual review of neuroscience.