A Simon effect induced by induced motion and location: Evidence for a direct linkage of cognitive and motor maps

It has been argued that two distinct maps of visual space are formed: a cognitive map that is susceptible to illusions, and a motor map that represents the physical world veridically. In the present study, subjects responded to a nonspatial attribute of a visual target stimulus by pressing a left or right key, while an illusory horizontal displacement of the target was induced. A Simon-type effect was obtained to the induced target motion or position shift—that is, responses were faster when the illusory target motion or location corresponded to the response position. Further experiments indicated that the observed effects cannot be accounted for by attentional shifts. These results suggest that the content of the cognitive map does not only influence perceptual judgments but is also responsible for the automatic activation of response codes. In other words, perception and action seem to be fed by a common, cognitively penetrable, spatial representation.

[1]  L. Jakobson,et al.  A neurological dissociation between perceiving objects and grasping them , 1991, Nature.

[2]  W. Prinz.  A common-coding approach to perception and action , 1990 .

[3]  G. d'Ydewalle,et al.  Effects of multiple reference points in spatial stimulus-response compatibility. , 1992, Acta psychologica.

[4]  C Iani,et al.  The Simon effect occurs relative to the direction of an attention shift. , 1997, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[5]  R W Remington,et al.  The structure of attentional control: contingent attentional capture by apparent motion, abrupt onset, and color. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[6]  R. Chua,et al.  Attention shifts and the Simon effect: a failure to replicate Stoffer (1991) , 1996 .

[7]  B. Bridgeman,et al.  Interaction of cognitive and sensorimotor maps of visual space , 1997, Perception & psychophysics.

[8]  Robert W. Proctor,et al.  Stimulus-Response Compatibility: An Integrated Perspective , 1990 .

[9]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Space and selective attention , 1994 .

[10]  Robert W. Proctor,et al.  Effects of background symmetry onsame-different pattern matching: A compromise-criteria account , 1990, Perception & psychophysics.

[11]  J. Jonides.  Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind's eye's movement , 1981 .

[12]  C. Umilta,et al.  Splitting visual space with attention. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[13]  G. Westheimer.  Eye movement responses to a horizontally moving visual stimulus. , 1954, A.M.A. archives of ophthalmology.

[14]  M. Goodale,et al.  Size-contrast illusions deceive the eye but not the hand , 1995, Current Biology.

[15]  S. Yantis,et al.  Visual motion and attentional capture , 1994, Perception & psychophysics.

[16]  Harry J. Wyatt,et al.  Target position and velocity: The stimuli for smooth pursuit eye movements , 1980, Vision Research.

[17]  S. Yantis,et al.  Visual attention: control, representation, and time course. , 1997, Annual review of psychology.

[18]  E. Reed.  The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception , 1989 .

[19]  B Hommel,et al.  The role of attention for the Simon effect , 1993, Psychological research.

[20]  J. Theeuwes.  Exogenous and endogenous control of attention: The effect of visual onsets and offsets , 1991, Perception & psychophysics.

[21]  de Ritske Jong,et al.  Theoretical issues in stimulus-response compatibility , 1997 .

[22]  C F Michaels,et al.  S-R compatibility between response position and destination of apparent motion: evidence of the detection of affordances. , 1988, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[23]  J R Simon,et al.  Auditory S-R compatibility: reaction time as a function of ear-hand correspondence and ear-response-location correspondence. , 1970, Journal of experimental psychology.

[24]  J. C. Johnston,et al.  Involuntary covert orienting is contingent on attentional control settings. , 1992, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[25]  H Heuer,et al.  Visual discrimination and response programming , 1987, Psychological research.

[26]  D J Weeks,et al.  Stimulus-response compatability for moving stimuli: perception of affordances or directional coding? , 1993, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[27]  W H Ehrenstein,et al.  The Simon effect and visual motion , 1994, Psychological research.

[28]  H. Leuthold,et al.  Covert effects of alcohol revealed by event-related potentials , 1993, Perception & psychophysics.

[29]  E. Lauber,et al.  Conditional and unconditional automaticity: a dual-process model of effects of spatial stimulus-response correspondence. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[30]  Robert W. Proctor,et al.  Multiple spatial codes and temporal overlap in choice-reaction tasks , 1996 .

[31]  R. Wallace,et al.  S-R compatibility and the idea of a response code. , 1971, Journal of experimental psychology.

[32]  B. Hommel,et al.  S-R compatibility effects due to context-dependent spatial stimulus coding , 1995, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[33]  A. Osman,et al.  Dimensional overlap: cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility--a model and taxonomy. , 1990, Psychological review.

[34]  M Eimer,et al.  Stimulus-response compatibility and automatic response activation: evidence from psychophysiological studies. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[35]  H. D. Watson.  The effects of objective and perceived size properties on visual form matching. , 1981, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[36]  Claire F. Michaels,et al.  Stimulus-response compatibility versus Information-Action compatibility , 1997 .

[37]  C. O. Roelofs,et al.  Die optische Lokalisation. , 1935 .

[38]  K. Duncker,et al.  Über induzierte Bewegung , 1929 .

[39]  B. Bridgeman,et al.  Segregation of cognitive and motor aspects of visual function using induced motion , 1981, Perception & psychophysics.

[40]  E Brenner,et al.  Perception and action are based on the same visual information: distinction between position and velocity. , 1995, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[41]  D. Broadbent,et al.  ON THE INTERACTION OF S-R COMPATIBILITY WITH OTHER VARIABLES AFFECTING REACTION TIME. , 1965, British journal of psychology.

[42]  T. Stoffer.  Attentional focussing and spatial stimulus-response compatibility , 1991, Psychological research.

[43]  Carlo Umiltà,et al.  Egocentric and relative spatial codes in S-R compatibility , 1987 .

[44]  G. Rizzolatti,et al.  Reorienting attention across the horizontal and vertical meridians: Evidence in favor of a premotor theory of attention , 1987, Neuropsychologia.

[45]  B. Hommel.  Spontaneous decay of response-code activation , 1994, Psychological research.

[46]  B. Bridgeman,et al.  Relation between cognitive and motor-oriented systems of visual position perception. , 1979, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[47]  Roberto Nicoletti,et al.  Spatial stimulus-response compatibility. , 1990 .

[48]  R. Proctor,et al.  The influence of irrelevant location information on performance: A review of the Simon and spatial Stroop effects , 1995, Psychonomic bulletin & review.

[49]  A. Greenwald,et al.  Sensory feedback mechanisms in performance control: with special reference to the ideo-motor mechanism. , 1970, Psychological review.

[50]  P van Donkelaar.  Pointing movements are affected by size-contrast illusions , 1999, Experimental brain research.

[51]  J Miller,et al.  The control of attention by abrupt visual onsets and offsets , 1989, Perception & psychophysics.

[52]  M. Goodale,et al.  Separate visual pathways for perception and action , 1992, Trends in Neurosciences.

[53]  M. Fahle,et al.  Grasping Visual Illusions: No Evidence for a Dissociation Between Perception and Action , 2000, Psychological science.

[54]  S. Yantis,et al.  Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: voluntary versus automatic allocation. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[55]  L E Marks,et al.  Perceptual primacy of dimensions: support for a model of dimensional interaction. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[56]  R Fendrich,et al.  Induced motion and oculomotor capture. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.