Lightning forecasting in southeastern Brazil using the WRF model
暂无分享,去创建一个
[1] Kerry Emanuel,et al. Development and Evaluation of a Convection Scheme for Use in Climate Models , 1999 .
[2] A. Betts,et al. A new convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX and arctic air‐mass data sets , 1986 .
[3] John H. Helsdon,et al. A numerical modeling study of a Montana thunderstorm: 2. Model results versus observations involving electrical aspects , 1987 .
[4] E. Williams,et al. The Electrification of Severe Storms , 2001 .
[5] J. Dudhia,et al. Coupling an Advanced Land Surface–Hydrology Model with the Penn State–NCAR MM5 Modeling System. Part I: Model Implementation and Sensitivity , 2001 .
[6] M. Moncrieff,et al. The dynamics and simulation of tropical cumulonimbus and squall lines , 1976 .
[7] Jordan G. Powers,et al. A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2 , 2005 .
[8] Peter V. Hobbs,et al. The Mesoscale and Microscale Structure and Organization of Clouds and Precipitation in Midlatitude Cyclones. XII: A Diagnostic Modeling Study of Precipitation Development in Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainbands , 1984 .
[9] Song-You Hong,et al. Implementation of Prognostic Cloud Scheme for a Regional Spectral Model , 1998 .
[10] Osmar Pinto,et al. Maximum cloud-to-ground lightning flash densities observed by lightning location systems in the tropical region: A review , 2007 .
[11] H. D. Orville,et al. Bulk Parameterization of the Snow Field in a Cloud Model , 1983 .
[12] H. Fuelberg,et al. A Statistical Procedure to Forecast Warm Season Lightning over Portions of the Florida Peninsula , 2006 .
[13] J. Dudhia. Numerical Study of Convection Observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment Using a Mesoscale Two-Dimensional Model , 1989 .
[14] Mitchell W. Moncrieff,et al. The propagation and transfer properties of steady convective overturning in shear , 1972 .
[15] Steven E. Koch,et al. The Impact of Different WRF Model Physical Parameterizations and Their Interactions on Warm Season MCS Rainfall , 2005 .
[16] E. Mlawer,et al. Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave , 1997 .
[17] David Bolton. The Computation of Equivalent Potential Temperature , 1980 .
[18] John S. Kain,et al. Convective parameterization for mesoscale models : The Kain-Fritsch Scheme , 1993 .
[19] Michael Davis,et al. GPS‐based mapping system reveals lightning inside storms , 2000 .
[20] M. Llasat,et al. Predicting the potential for lightning activity in Mediterranean storms based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model dynamic and microphysical fields , 2010 .
[21] William R. Burrows,et al. Warm Season Lightning Probability Prediction for Canada and the Northern United States , 2005 .
[22] J. Kain,et al. A One-Dimensional Entraining/Detraining Plume Model and Its Application in Convective Parameterization , 1990 .
[23] Z. Janjic. The Step-Mountain Eta Coordinate Model: Further Developments of the Convection, Viscous Sublayer, and Turbulence Closure Schemes , 1994 .
[24] H. Fuelberg,et al. A Perfect Prognosis Scheme for Forecasting Warm-Season Lightning over Florida , 2008 .
[25] Joseph J. George,et al. Weather Forecasting for Aeronautics , 2014 .
[26] W. Gallus,et al. Some contrasts between good and bad forecasts of warm season MCS rainfall , 2004 .
[27] Tsutomu Takahashi,et al. Thunderstorm Electrification—A Numerical Study , 1984 .
[28] S. Goodman,et al. Forecasting Lightning Threat Using Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations , 2009 .
[29] Kevin W. Manning,et al. Explicit Forecasts of Winter Precipitation Using an Improved Bulk Microphysics Scheme. Part I: Description and Sensitivity Analysis , 2004 .
[30] Jerry M. Straka,et al. A lightning parameterization for numerical cloud models , 2001 .
[31] R. Jayaratne. Thunderstorm electrification mechanisms , 2003 .
[32] G. Grell,et al. A generalized approach to parameterizing convection combining ensemble and data assimilation techniques , 2002 .
[33] J. G. Galway,et al. The Lifted Index as a Predictor of Latent Instability , 1956 .
[34] J. Dudhia,et al. A Revised Approach to Ice Microphysical Processes for the Bulk Parameterization of Clouds and Precipitation , 2004 .
[35] Ying-Hwa Kuo,et al. The ERICA IOP 5 Storm. Part III: Mesoscale Cyclogenesis and Precipitation Parameterization , 1996 .
[36] John S. Kain,et al. The Kain–Fritsch Convective Parameterization: An Update , 2004 .
[37] W. Deierling,et al. Estimation of total lightning from various storm parameters: A cloud-resolving model study , 2010 .
[38] Celeste Saulo,et al. WRF Model Sensitivity to Choice of Parameterization over South America: Validation against Surface Variables , 2010 .
[39] Zavisa Janjic,et al. Comments on “Development and Evaluation of a Convection Scheme for Use in Climate Models” , 2000 .
[40] W. Petersen,et al. The relationship between lightning activity and ice fluxes in thunderstorms , 2008 .
[41] R. Farley,et al. An intracloud lightning parameterization scheme for a storm electrification model , 1992 .
[42] C. Saunders,et al. Charge Separation Mechanisms in Clouds , 2008 .
[43] Osmar Pinto,et al. A NEW PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THE BRAZILIAN LIGHTNING LOCATION SYSTEM (RINDAT) BASED ON HIGH-SPEED CAMERA OBSERVATIONS OF NATURAL NEGATIVE GROUND FLASHES , 2006 .
[44] S. Sherwood,et al. Small ice crystals and the climatology of lightning , 2006 .
[45] Kostas Lagouvardos,et al. Precipitation forecast skill of different convective parameterization and microphysical schemes: Application for the cold season over Greece , 2001 .
[46] William A. Gallus,et al. Eta Simulations of Three Extreme Precipitation Events: Sensitivity to Resolution and Convective Parameterization , 1999 .
[47] Jean-Pierre Pinty,et al. Simulation of a supercellular storm using a three‐dimensional mesoscale model with an explicit lightning flash scheme , 2007 .
[48] Song‐You Hong,et al. The WRF Single-Moment 6-Class Microphysics Scheme (WSM6) , 2006 .
[49] N. Seaman,et al. A Comparison Study of Convective Parameterization Schemes in a Mesoscale Model , 1997 .
[50] A. Betts. A new convective adjustment scheme. Part I: Observational and theoretical basis , 1986 .
[51] Timothy J. Lang,et al. Origins of positive cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes in the stratiform region of a mesoscale convective system , 2004 .
[52] S. Businger,et al. A Lightning Prediction Index that Utilizes GPS Integrated Precipitable Water Vapor , 2002 .
[53] E. Mansell,et al. Simulated three‐dimensional branched lightning in a numerical thunderstorm model , 2002 .