Synthesis of Knowledge: Fire History and Climate Change

This report synthesizes ilVii ilable fire history iI nd dimate mil nge scientific knowledge to aid man.a!!:ers witt1 fi re decisions in tile face of ongoin!!: 21:10'1 Century cI imate change_ Fire history iI nd dim ate mange (FHCC} have been on!!:oin!!: for O"Yer 400 millien ..,.eiI rs of Eil rth history, but incre.asi ng humil n influences during tile Holocene epoch have mil nged botfl climate iI nd fi re .-egimes_ We describe basic concepts of dimate science iI nd e:w:plain the CiI uses of accelerilting 21H Century cli milte cnange_ Fire re!!:i mes and ecm:ystem classificat::iens sef"'l'e to unify ecolo!!:iCilI and cli milte factors influencing fire, and a.-e useful fDr applying fire history iI nd dimate mange information to specific eccs..,.51ems. Variilble and mangin!!: piltterns of climate-fire i ntelilction ocm.over diffe.-ent time iI nd space scales "!::hilt snape use of FHCC knowledge_ Ecosynem differences in fire re!!:i mes, cI imate chilnge iI nd availilble fi re history mean "!::hat usin!!: an ecosynem specific view will be beneficiill when applying FHCC knowledge_

[1]  E. Knapp,et al.  Ecological Effects of Prescribed Fire Season: A Literature Review and Synthesis for Managers , 2012 .

[2]  E. Small,et al.  The impact of pine beetle infestation on snow accumulation and melt in the headwaters of the Colorado River , 2012 .

[3]  T. Mote,et al.  Regions of autumn Eurasian snow cover and associations with North American winter temperatures , 2012 .

[4]  Kyu-Myong Kim,et al.  The 2010 Pakistan Flood and Russian Heat Wave: Teleconnection of Hydrometeorological Extremes , 2012 .

[5]  Craig Moritz,et al.  Latitude, elevational climatic zonation and speciation in New World vertebrates , 2012, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[6]  E. M. Dangremond,et al.  Climate change and the invasion of California by grasses , 2012 .

[7]  Christopher I. Roos,et al.  The human dimension of fire regimes on Earth , 2011, Journal of biogeography.

[8]  A. Dai.  Drought under global warming: a review , 2011 .

[9]  K. Sands,et al.  Fire in the Forest , 2011 .

[10]  L. Kump.  Paleoclimates: Understanding climate change past and present , 2011 .

[11]  B. Anderson.  Near-term increase in frequency of seasonal temperature extremes prior to the 2°C global warming target , 2011 .

[12]  C. Field,et al.  Strong response of an invasive plant species (Centaurea solstitialis L.) to global environmental changes. , 2011, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[13]  R. Neilson,et al.  Impacts of climate change on fire regimes and carbon stocks of the U.S. Pacific Northwest , 2011 .

[14]  R. B. Jackson,et al.  A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World’s Forests , 2011, Science.

[15]  R. Neely,et al.  The Persistently Variable “Background” Stratospheric Aerosol Layer and Global Climate Change , 2011, Science.

[16]  S. Montzka,et al.  Recent decreases in fossil-fuel emissions of ethane and methane derived from firn air , 2011, Nature.

[17]  M. Heimann.  Atmospheric science: Enigma of the recent methane budget , 2011, Nature.

[18]  J. Randerson,et al.  Reduced methane growth rate explained by decreased Northern Hemisphere microbial sources , 2011, Nature.

[19]  M. George,et al.  Satellite- and ground-based CO total column observations over 2010 Russian fires: accuracy of top-down estimates based on thermal IR satellite data , 2011 .

[20]  L. Ivany,et al.  Warm, not super-hot, temperatures in the early Eocene subtropics , 2011 .

[21]  Margot W. Kaye.  Mesoscale synchrony in quaking aspen establishment across the interior western US , 2011 .

[22]  Martin Scherer,et al.  Observational and model evidence of global emergence of permanent, unprecedented heat in the 20th and 21st centuries , 2011, Climatic change.

[23]  Jed O. Kaplan,et al.  Holocene carbon emissions as a result of anthropogenic land cover change , 2011 .

[24]  J. Edmonds,et al.  RCP4.5: a pathway for stabilization of radiative forcing by 2100 , 2011 .

[25]  David L. Verbyla,et al.  Carbon loss from an unprecedented Arctic tundra wildfire , 2011, Nature.

[26]  J. Abatzoglou,et al.  Relative importance of weather and climate on wildfire growth in interior Alaska , 2011 .

[27]  Heikki Kauppi,et al.  Reconciling anthropogenic climate change with observed temperature 1998–2008 , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[28]  M. Lockwood,et al.  The solar influence on the probability of relatively cold UK winters in the future , 2011 .

[29]  Brian C. O'Neill,et al.  The response of the climate system to very high greenhouse gas emission scenarios , 2011 .

[30]  Francis W. Zwiers,et al.  Use of models in detection and attribution of climate change , 2011 .

[31]  Michelle Girvan,et al.  Predicting Maximum Tree Heights and Other Traits from Allometric Scaling and Resource Limitations , 2011, PloS one.

[32]  A. Hessl.  Pathways for climate change effects on fire: Models, data, and uncertainties , 2011 .

[33]  A. Haywood,et al.  Persistent El Niño–Southern Oscillation variation during the Pliocene Epoch , 2011 .

[34]  D. Kent,et al.  Climatically driven biogeographic provinces of Late Triassic tropical Pangea , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[35]  N. Stansell,et al.  A 2,300-year-long annually resolved record of the South American summer monsoon from the Peruvian Andes , 2011, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[36]  E. Cook,et al.  Interdecadal modulation of El Nino amplitude during the past millennium , 2011 .

[37]  Ricardo García-Herrera,et al.  The Hot Summer of 2010: Redrawing the Temperature Record Map of Europe , 2011, Science.

[38]  S. Ganguly,et al.  Widespread decline in greenness of Amazonian vegetation due to the 2010 drought , 2011 .

[39]  Richard R. Heim,et al.  Major Mesoamerican droughts of the past millennium , 2011 .

[40]  R. Fu,et al.  Changes to the North Atlantic Subtropical High and Its Role in the Intensification of Summer Rainfall Variability in the Southeastern United States , 2011 .

[41]  Jonathan M. Chase,et al.  A synthesis of plant invasion effects on biodiversity across spatial scales. , 2011, American journal of botany.

[42]  J. Overpeck,et al.  Climate Data Challenges in the 21st Century , 2011, Science.

[43]  J. Kutzbach,et al.  Can natural or anthropogenic explanations of late-Holocene CO2 and CH4 increases be falsified? , 2011 .

[44]  H. Wanner,et al.  2500 Years of European Climate Variability and Human Susceptibility , 2011, Science.

[45]  Jamie L. Pietruska.  US Weather Bureau Chief Willis Moore and the Reimagination of Uncertainty in Long-Range Forecasting , 2011 .

[46]  G. Hegerl,et al.  Influence of human and natural forcing on European seasonal temperatures , 2011 .

[47]  H. Sanei,et al.  Catastrophic dispersion of coal fly ash into oceans during the latest Permian extinction , 2011 .

[48]  S. Marshall,et al.  Ongoing climate change following a complete cessation of carbon dioxide emissions , 2011 .

[49]  J. Craine,et al.  Faculty Opinions recommendation of Rapid landscape transformation in South Island, New Zealand, following initial Polynesian settlement. , 2011 .

[50]  C. Lafon,et al.  Climatic and topographic controls on patterns of fire in the southern and central Appalachian Mountains, USA , 2011, Landscape Ecology.

[51]  M. Claussen,et al.  Coupled climate–carbon simulations indicate minor global effects of wars and epidemics on atmospheric CO2 between ad 800 and 1850 , 2011 .

[52]  G. Kopp,et al.  A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance , 2011 .

[53]  G. Roe,et al.  Climate commitment in an uncertain world , 2011 .

[54]  J. Kiehl.  Lessons from Earth's Past , 2011, Science.

[55]  R. Betts,et al.  When could global warming reach 4°C? , 2011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[56]  M. Allen,et al.  Cumulative carbon emissions, emissions floors and short-term rates of warming: implications for policy , 2011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[57]  M. New,et al.  Four degrees and beyond: the potential for a global temperature increase of four degrees and its implications , 2011, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[58]  P. Jöckel,et al.  Small Interannual Variability of Global Atmospheric Hydroxyl , 2011, Science.

[59]  M. Harmon,et al.  Amplification and Dampening of Soil Respiration by Changes in Temperature Variability , 2010 .

[60]  E. Cook,et al.  A 1,200-year perspective of 21st century drought in southwestern North America , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[61]  G. Meehl,et al.  SOLAR INFLUENCES ON CLIMATE , 2010 .

[62]  Christopher J. Still,et al.  Forest responses to increasing aridity and warmth in the southwestern United States , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[63]  J. Hansen,et al.  GLOBAL SURFACE TEMPERATURE CHANGE , 2010 .

[64]  D. Bowman,et al.  Paradise burnt: How colonizing humans transform landscapes with fire , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[65]  P. Pearson.  Increased Atmospheric CO2 During the Middle Eocene , 2010, Science.

[66]  J. S. Sinninghe Damsté,et al.  Transient Middle Eocene Atmospheric CO2 and Temperature Variations , 2010, Science.

[67]  D. Shindell,et al.  Driving forces of global wildfires over the past millennium and the forthcoming century , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[68]  G. Schmidt,et al.  Atmospheric CO2: Principal Control Knob Governing Earth’s Temperature , 2010, Science.

[69]  Pierre Friedlingstein,et al.  Persistence of climate changes due to a range of greenhouse gases , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[70]  M. Dalton,et al.  Global demographic trends and future carbon emissions , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[71]  M. Turner.  Disturbance and landscape dynamics in a changing world. , 2010, Ecology.

[72]  Thomas Trickl,et al.  The Untold Story of Pyrocumulonimbus , 2010 .

[73]  Noel Keenlyside,et al.  Prospects for decadal climate prediction , 2010 .

[74]  Calvin A. Farris,et al.  Spatial and temporal corroboration of a fire-scar-based fire history in a frequently burned ponderosa pine forest. , 2010, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[75]  N. Crookston,et al.  Addressing climate change in the forest vegetation simulator to assess impacts on landscape forest dynamics. , 2010 .

[76]  M. Moritz,et al.  Pyrogeography: Understanding the ecological niche of fire , 2010 .

[77]  C. Lafon.  Fire in the American South: Vegetation Impacts, History, and Climatic Relations , 2010 .

[78]  N. Diffenbaugh,et al.  Intensification of hot extremes in the United States , 2010 .

[79]  A. McGuire,et al.  Alaska's Changing Fire Regime - Implications for the Vulnerability of Its Boreal Forests , 2010 .

[80]  C. Nock,et al.  Forest fire occurrence and climate change in Canada , 2010 .

[81]  P. Brown,et al.  El Niño-southern oscillation effect on a fire regime in northeastern Mexico has changed over time. , 2010, Ecology.

[82]  G. Rein,et al.  Increased fire activity at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary in Greenland due to climate-driven floral change , 2010 .

[83]  A. Timmermann,et al.  The impact of global warming on the tropical Pacific Ocean and El Niño , 2010 .

[84]  G. Carlson,et al.  Climatic Change and Agronomic Performance of Hard Red Spring Wheat from 1950 to 2007 , 2010 .

[85]  D. Clow,et al.  Changes in the timing of snowmelt and streamflow in Colorado: a response to recent warming , 2010 .

[86]  M. Huber,et al.  Evidence for active El Nino Southern Oscillation variability in the Late Miocene greenhouse climate , 2010 .

[87]  Joeri Rogelj,et al.  Copenhagen Accord pledges are paltry , 2010, Nature.

[88]  A. Shvidenko,et al.  Predicting global change effects on forest biomass and composition in south-central Siberia. , 2010, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[89]  F. Chapin,et al.  Changes in fire regime break the legacy lock on successional trajectories in Alaskan boreal forest , 2010 .

[90]  Scott L. Stephens,et al.  Operational approaches to managing forests of the future in Mediterranean regions within a context of changing climates , 2010 .

[91]  Cathy Whitlock,et al.  Paleoecological Perspectives on Fire Ecology: Revisiting the Fire-Regime Concept~!2009-09-02~!2009-11-09~!2010-03-05~! , 2010 .

[92]  Gregory S. Springer,et al.  Multiproxy evidence from caves of Native Americans altering the overlying landscape during the late Holocene of east-central North America , 2010 .

[93]  C. Deser,et al.  Global warming pattern formation: sea surface temperature and rainfall. , 2010 .

[94]  John F. B. Mitchell,et al.  The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment , 2010, Nature.

[95]  T. Stocker,et al.  IPCC: cherish it, tweak it or scrap it? , 2010, Nature.

[96]  Christos Zerefos,et al.  Heat wave changes in the eastern Mediterranean since 1960 , 2010 .

[97]  Alex Hall,et al.  Spatial variation in extreme winds predicts large wildfire locations in chaparral ecosystems , 2010 .

[98]  M. Claussen,et al.  Contribution of anthropogenic land cover change emissions to pre-industrial atmospheric CO2 , 2010 .

[99]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Multi-Millennial Fire History of the Giant Forest, Sequoia National Park, California, USA , 2009 .

[100]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Using Bigcone Douglas-Fir Fire Scars and Tree Rings to Reconstruct Interior Chaparral Fire History , 2009 .

[101]  B. Simoneit,et al.  WIDESPREAD UPPER TRIASSIC TO LOWER JURASSIC WILDFIRE RECORDS FROM POLAND: EVIDENCE FROM CHARCOAL AND PYROLYTIC POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS , 2009 .

[102]  Corinne Le Quéré,et al.  Trends in the sources and sinks of carbon dioxide , 2009 .

[103]  M. Mudelsee,et al.  Heterogeneous response of circumboreal wildfire risk to climate change since the early 1900s , 2009 .

[104]  J. Logan,et al.  Impacts of climate change from 2000 to 2050 on wildfire activity and carbonaceous aerosol concentrations in the western United States , 2009 .

[105]  T. Egan.  The Big Burn: Teddy Roosevelt and the Fire that Saved America , 2009 .

[106]  Aaron C. Greenville,et al.  The fire history of an arid grassland: the influence of antecedent rainfall and ENSO , 2009 .

[107]  M. Krawchuk,et al.  Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire , 2009 .

[108]  Mihaela D. Enache,et al.  Extreme fires under warmer and drier conditions inferred from sedimentary charcoal morphotypes from Opatcho Lake, central British Columbia, Canada , 2009 .

[109]  J. Marlon.  The geography of fire: A paleo perspective , 2009 .

[110]  David Rind,et al.  How will Earth's surface temperature change in future decades? , 2009 .

[111]  Peter Kareiva,et al.  U.S. Natural Resources and Climate Change: Concepts and Approaches for Management Adaptation , 2009, Environmental management.

[112]  Scott L. Goodrick,et al.  Florida wildfire activity and atmospheric teleconnections , 2009, International Journal of Wildland Fire.

[113]  Nathan Flesch.  The Peshtigo Fire, October 8, 1871: Calamity and Response , 2009 .

[114]  R. Neilson,et al.  Managing for Multiple Resources Under Climate Change: National Forests , 2009, Environmental management.

[115]  J. Keeley,et al.  A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life , 2009 .

[116]  F. Hu,et al.  Linking sediment-charcoal records and ecological modeling to understand causes of fire-regime change in boreal forests. , 2009, Ecology.

[117]  M. Rollins.  LANDFIRE: a nationally consistent vegetation, wildland fire, and fuel assessment , 2009 .

[118]  D. Peterson,et al.  Climate and wildfire area burned in western U.S. ecoprovinces, 1916-2003. , 2009, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[119]  Mike D. Flannigan,et al.  Vulnerability of carbon storage in North American boreal forests to wildfires during the 21st century , 2009 .

[120]  N. Meinshausen,et al.  Warming caused by cumulative carbon emissions towards the trillionth tonne , 2009, Nature.

[121]  Ross A. Bradstock,et al.  Relative importance of fuel management, ignition management and weather for area burned: evidence from five landscape–fire–succession models , 2009 .

[122]  M. Moritz,et al.  Global Pyrogeography: the Current and Future Distribution of Wildfire , 2009, PloS one.

[123]  N. Graham,et al.  Persistent Positive North Atlantic Oscillation Mode Dominated the Medieval Climate Anomaly , 2009, Science.

[124]  Michael F. Wehner,et al.  Is the climate warming or cooling? , 2009 .

[125]  P. Jones,et al.  The Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project , 2009 .

[126]  P. Bartlein,et al.  Rapid responses of the prairie-forest ecotone to early Holocene aridity in mid-continental North America , 2009 .

[127]  J. Butler,et al.  A new look at atmospheric carbon dioxide , 2009 .

[128]  Hugh M. Pitcher.  The future of scenarios: issues in developing new climate change scenarios , 2009 .

[129]  J. Keeley.  Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage , 2009 .

[130]  Charlene D'Avanzo,et al.  A National Ecological Network for Research and Education , 2009, Science.

[131]  A. Brunelle,et al.  Wildfire responses to abrupt climate change in North America , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[132]  S. Solomon,et al.  Irreversible climate change due to carbon dioxide emissions , 2009, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[133]  A. Taylor,et al.  Widespread Increase of Tree Mortality Rates in the Western United States , 2009, Science.

[134]  Justin T. Maxwell,et al.  United States Drought of 2007: Historical Perspectives , 2009 .

[135]  D. Lunt,et al.  The past is a guide to the future? Comparing Middle Pliocene vegetation with predicted biome distributions for the twenty-first century , 2009, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[136]  J. Randerson,et al.  Climate regulation of fire emissions and deforestation in equatorial Asia , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[137]  Alice Bows,et al.  Reframing the climate change challenge in light of post-2000 emission trends , 2008, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[138]  George W. Koch,et al.  Carbon protection and fire risk reduction: toward a full accounting of forest carbon offsets , 2008 .

[139]  G. Nowacki,et al.  Native Americans as active and passive promoters of mast and fruit trees in the eastern USA , 2008 .

[140]  F. Hu,et al.  Vegetation mediated the impacts of postglacial climate change on fire regimes in the south-central Brooks Range, Alaska , 2008 .

[141]  Michael Williams.  A New Look at Global Forest Histories of Land Clearing , 2008 .

[142]  F. Joos,et al.  Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia , 2008 .

[143]  Marie-Louise Siggaard-Andersen,et al.  High-Resolution Greenland Ice Core Data Show Abrupt Climate Change Happens in Few Years , 2008, Science.

[144]  P. Bartlein,et al.  Regional and local controls on postglacial vegetation and fire in the Siskiyou Mountains, northern California, USA , 2008 .

[145]  D. Bird,et al.  Effects of syn-pandemic fire reduction and reforestation in the tropical Americas on atmospheric CO2 during European conquest , 2008 .

[146]  R. Pachauri.  Climate change 2007. Synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the fourth assessment report , 2008 .

[147]  J. Lynch,et al.  Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum: an assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data , 2008 .

[148]  Pierre Friedlingstein,et al.  A Review of Uncertainties in Global Temperature Projections over the Twenty-First Century , 2008 .

[149]  N. Mantua,et al.  Climate drivers of regionally synchronous fires in the inland Northwest (1651-1900) , 2008 .

[150]  Rosemary L. Sherriff,et al.  Variability in fire–climate relationships in ponderosa pine forests in the Colorado Front Range , 2008 .

[151]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Fire Climatology in the western United States: introduction to special issue , 2008 .

[152]  A. Brunelle,et al.  Long-term relations among fire, fuel, and climate in the north-western US based on lake-sediment studies , 2008 .

[153]  P. Brown,et al.  Climate effects on historical fires (1630–1900) in Utah , 2008 .

[154]  A. Solomon,et al.  Temporal and spatial structure in a daily wildfire-start data set from the western United States (1986–96) , 2008 .

[155]  P. Morgan,et al.  Multi-season climate synchronized forest fires throughout the 20th century, northern Rockies, U.S.A. , 2008, Ecology.

[156]  P. Morgan,et al.  Multi-season climate synchronized historical fires in dry forests (1650-1900), northern Rockies, U.S.A. , 2008, Ecology.

[157]  Andreas Oschlies,et al.  Future changes in climate, ocean circulation, ecosystems, and biogeochemical cycling simulated for a business‐as‐usual CO2 emission scenario until year 4000 AD , 2008 .

[158]  Scott L. Stephens,et al.  Fire and sustainability: considerations for California’s altered future climate , 2008 .

[159]  F. Joos,et al.  Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[160]  G. Nowacki,et al.  The Demise of Fire and “Mesophication” of Forests in the Eastern United States , 2008 .

[161]  Gerald R. Dickens,et al.  An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics , 2008, Nature.

[162]  W. Ruddiman.  The early anthropogenic hypothesis: Challenges and responses , 2007 .

[163]  S. Stephens,et al.  Climate change and forests of the future: managing in the face of uncertainty. , 2007, Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of America.

[164]  M. Flannigan,et al.  Historical fire regime shifts related to climate teleconnections in the Waswanipi area, central Quebec, Canada , 2007 .

[165]  T. Schoennagel,et al.  Multidecadal climate variability and climate interactions affect subalpine fire occurrence, western Colorado (USA). , 2007, Ecology.

[166]  J. Lynch,et al.  Forest fire and climate change in western North America: insights from sediment charcoal records , 2007 .

[167]  C. Wiedinmyer,et al.  Estimates of CO2 from fires in the United States: implications for carbon management , 2007, Carbon balance and management.

[168]  John F. B. Mitchell,et al.  THE WCRP CMIP3 Multimodel Dataset: A New Era in Climate Change Research , 2007 .

[169]  H. Wanner,et al.  Doubled length of western European summer heat waves since 1880 , 2007 .

[170]  Reto Knutti,et al.  The use of the multi-model ensemble in probabilistic climate projections , 2007, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[171]  W. Thuiller.  Biodiversity: Climate change and the ecologist , 2007, Nature.

[172]  P. Bartlein,et al.  Climatic controls of Holocene fire patterns in southern South America , 2007, Quaternary Research.

[173]  J. Canadell,et al.  Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[174]  P. White,et al.  Environmental drivers of large, infrequent wildfires: the emerging conceptual model , 2007 .

[175]  G. Meehl,et al.  A strategy for climate change stabilization experiments , 2007 .

[176]  L. Merrick,et al.  Homogenization of northern U.S. Great Lakes forests due to land use , 2007, Landscape Ecology.

[177]  H. Wanner,et al.  Summer heat waves over western Europe 1880–2003, their relationship to large-scale forcings and predictability , 2007 .

[178]  K. Ryan,et al.  Factors affecting sustained smouldering in organic soils from pocosin and pond pine woodland wetlands , 2007 .

[179]  Xiao-dong Liu,et al.  A 10,000 year record of dune activity, dust storms, and severe drought in the central Great Plains , 2007 .

[180]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Contingent Pacific–Atlantic Ocean influence on multicentury wildfire synchrony over western North America , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[181]  P. Bartlein,et al.  Fire-fuel-climate linkages in the northwestern USA during the Holocene , 2006 .

[182]  E. Johnson,et al.  Large-scale climatic patterns control large lightning fire occurrence in Canada and Alaska forest regions , 2006 .

[183]  S. Stephens,et al.  Fire Management and Policy Since European Settlement , 2006 .

[184]  J. Randerson,et al.  The Impact of Boreal Forest Fire on Climate Warming , 2006, Science.

[185]  C. Wirth,et al.  Reconciling Carbon-cycle Concepts, Terminology, and Methods , 2006, Ecosystems.

[186]  N. Diffenbaugh,et al.  Summer aridity in the United States: Response to mid‐Holocene changes in insolation and sea surface temperature , 2006 .

[187]  D. Beerling,et al.  The origin of the savanna biome , 2006 .

[188]  N. Crookston,et al.  Empirical Analyses of Plant‐Climate Relationships for the Western United States , 2006, International Journal of Plant Sciences.

[189]  S. Lavorel,et al.  Vulnerability of land systems to fire: Interactions among humans, climate, the atmosphere, and ecosystems , 2006 .

[190]  M. Stambaugh,et al.  Historic fire regime dynamics and forcing factors in the Boston Mountains, Arkansas, USA , 2006 .

[191]  Orbita Roswintiarti,et al.  Development of the Indonesian and Malaysian Fire Danger Rating Systems , 2006 .

[192]  J. Toney,et al.  Holocene development of Boreal forests and fire regimes on the Kenai Lowlands of Alaska , 2006 .

[193]  A. Taylor,et al.  Fire‐climate interactions in forests of the American Pacific coast , 2006 .

[194]  J. Randerson,et al.  Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004 , 2006 .

[195]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity , 2006, Science.

[196]  A. Scott,et al.  The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration. , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[197]  B. Rudolf,et al.  World Map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification updated , 2006 .

[198]  J. Lynch,et al.  How Climate and Vegetation Influence the fire Regime of the Alaskan Boreal Biome: The Holocene Perspective , 2006 .

[199]  K. Lertzman,et al.  Weak climatic control of stand-scale fire history during the late holocene. , 2006, Ecology.

[200]  Michael A. Crimmins,et al.  Synoptic climatology of extreme fire‐weather conditions across the southwest United States , 2006 .

[201]  Jason S. Sibold,et al.  Relationships of subalpine forest fires in the Colorado Front Range with interannual and multidecadal‐scale climatic variation , 2006 .

[202]  J. Toney,et al.  A postglacial palaeoecological record from the San Juan Mountains of Colorado USA: fire, climate and vegetation history , 2006 .

[203]  H. Mannstein,et al.  Evidence for the Postconquest Demographic Collapse of the Americas in Historical CO2 Levels , 2006 .

[204]  Edward N. Lorenz,et al.  Reflections on the Conception, Birth, and Childhood of Numerical Weather Prediction , 2006 .

[205]  B. Collins,et al.  Regional relationships between climate and wildfire-burned area in the interior West, USA , 2006 .

[206]  S. Stephens,et al.  Influence of humans and climate on the fire history of a ponderosa pine-mixed conifer forest in the southeastern Klamath Mountains, California , 2006 .

[207]  D. Nepstad,et al.  Forest Understory Fire in the Brazilian Amazon in ENSO and Non-ENSO Years: Area Burned and Committed Carbon Emissions , 2006 .

[208]  E. Dlugokencky,et al.  The role of carbon dioxide in climate forcing from 1979 to 2004: introduction of the Annual Greenhouse Gas Index , 2006 .

[209]  Vivek K. Arora,et al.  Fire as an interactive component of dynamic vegetation models , 2005 .

[210]  E. Cook,et al.  ENSO AND PDO VARIABILITY AFFECT DROUGHT-INDUCED FIRE OCCURRENCE IN ROCKY MOUNTAIN SUBALPINE FORESTS , 2005 .

[211]  M. Turner.  Landscape ecology: what is the state of the science? , 2005 .

[212]  Crystal B. Schaaf,et al.  Radiative forcing due to anthropogenic vegetation change based on MODIS surface albedo data , 2005 .

[213]  A. Brunelle,et al.  Holocene fire and vegetation along environmental gradients in the Northern Rocky Mountains , 2005 .

[214]  S. Anderson,et al.  Vegetation and fire history since the Late Pleistocene from the Trinity Mountains, northwestern California, USA , 2005 .

[215]  M. Abrams,et al.  Impact of multiple fires on stand structure and tree regeneration in central Appalachian oak forests , 2005 .

[216]  A. Belward,et al.  Characterizing interannual variations in global fire calendar using data from Earth observing satellites , 2005 .

[217]  M. Flannigan,et al.  Future Area Burned in Canada , 2005 .

[218]  John E. Walsh,et al.  IMPACTS OF LARGE‐SCALE ATMOSPHERIC–OCEAN VARIABILITY ON ALASKAN FIRE SEASON SEVERITY , 2005 .

[219]  P. Bartlein,et al.  Postglacial vegetation, fire, and climate history of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon, USA , 2005, Quaternary Research.

[220]  W. Bond,et al.  Fire as a global 'herbivore': the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. , 2005, Trends in ecology & evolution.

[221]  Jon E. Keeley,et al.  Fire and the Miocene expansion of C4 grasslands , 2005 .

[222]  Carl N. Skinner,et al.  Basic principles of forest fuel reduction treatments , 2005 .

[223]  D. Calkin,et al.  Forest service large fire area burned and suppression expenditure trends, 1970-2002 , 2005 .

[224]  R. Burgan,et al.  Seasonal fire danger forecasts for the USA , 2005 .

[225]  S. Stephens,et al.  FEDERAL FOREST‐FIRE POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES , 2005 .

[226]  B. Malamud,et al.  Characterizing wildfire regimes in the United States. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[227]  José M. C. Pereira,et al.  Synoptic patterns associated with large summer forest fires in Portugal , 2005 .

[228]  A. Taylor,et al.  Climatic influences on fire regimes in the northern Sierra Nevada mountains, Lake Tahoe Basin, Nevada, USA , 2005 .

[229]  Z. Gedalof,et al.  ATMOSPHERIC, CLIMATIC, AND ECOLOGICAL CONTROLS ON EXTREME WILDFIRE YEARS IN THE NORTHWESTERN UNITED STATES , 2005 .

[230]  David J. Mladenoff,et al.  SEVERE WIND AND FIRE REGIMES IN NORTHERN FORESTS: HISTORICAL VARIABILITY AT THE REGIONAL SCALE , 2005 .

[231]  Leonard A. Smith,et al.  Uncertainty in predictions of the climate response to rising levels of greenhouse gases , 2005, Nature.

[232]  W. Hargrove,et al.  Mapping environments at risk under different global climate change scenarios , 2004 .

[233]  Hong S. He,et al.  A hierarchical fire frequency model to simulate temporal patterns of fire regimes in LANDIS , 2004 .

[234]  M. Turetsky,et al.  Historical burn area in western Canadian peatlands and its relationship to fire weather indices , 2004 .

[235]  Robert E. Keane,et al.  A classification of landscape fire succession models: spatial simulations of fire and vegetation dynamics , 2004 .

[236]  F. Woodward,et al.  The global distribution of ecosystems in a world without fire. , 2004, The New phytologist.

[237]  J. Wolf,et al.  A 200-year Fire History in a Remnant Oak Savanna in Southeastern Wisconsin , 2004 .

[238]  G. Meehl,et al.  More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century , 2004, Science.

[239]  Max A. Moritz,et al.  Patterns of Fire Severity and Forest Conditions in the Western Klamath Mountains, California , 2004 .

[240]  W. Romme,et al.  The Interaction of Fire, Fuels, and Climate across Rocky Mountain Forests , 2004 .

[241]  C. Umbanhowar.  Interaction of fire, climate and vegetation change at a large landscape scale in the Big Woods of Minnesota, USA , 2004 .

[242]  J. Lynch,et al.  Climatic and landscape controls of the boreal forest fire regime: Holocene records from Alaska , 2004 .

[243]  W. Baker,et al.  A fire history from tree rings in a high-elevation forest of Rocky Mountain National Park , 2004 .

[244]  Mark W. Schwartz,et al.  How fast and far might tree species migrate in the eastern United States due to climate change , 2004 .

[245]  Donald McKenzie,et al.  DROUGHT AND PACIFIC DECADAL OSCILLATION LINKED TO FIRE OCCURRENCE IN THE INLAND PACIFIC NORTHWEST , 2004 .

[246]  G. Busenberg.  Wildfire Management in the United States: The Evolution of a Policy Failure , 2004 .

[247]  W. Baker,et al.  Fire and restoration of piñon–juniper woodlands in the western United States: a review , 2004 .

[248]  D. Lüthi,et al.  The role of increasing temperature variability in European summer heatwaves , 2004, Nature.

[249]  G. Schmidt,et al.  Volcanic and Solar Forcing of Climate Change during the Preindustrial Era , 2003 .

[250]  Brian Beckage,et al.  INFLUENCE OF THE EL NINO SOUTHERN OSCILLATION ON FIRE REGIMES IN THE FLORIDA EVERGLADES , 2003 .

[251]  R. Neilson,et al.  Climate change effects on vegetation distribution, carbon, and fire in California , 2003 .

[252]  T. D. Mitchell,et al.  Pattern Scaling: An Examination of the Accuracy of the Technique for Describing Future Climates , 2003 .

[253]  P. J. Myerscough.  Flammable Australia. The Fire Regimes and Biodiversity of a Continent , 2003 .

[254]  A. Brunelle,et al.  Postglacial fire, vegetation, and climate history in the Clearwater Range, Northern Idaho, USA , 2003, Quaternary Research.

[255]  P. Moorcroft,et al.  Recent advances in ecosystem-atmosphere interactions: an ecological perspective , 2003, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences.

[256]  P. Hessburg,et al.  An environmental narrative of Inland Northwest United States forests, 1800–2000 , 2003 .

[257]  S. Shafer,et al.  The role of climate and vegetation change in shaping past and future fire regimes in the northwestern US and the implications for ecosystem management , 2003 .

[258]  A. Taylor,et al.  SPATIAL PATTERNS AND CONTROLS ON HISTORICAL FIRE REGIMES AND FOREST STRUCTURE IN THE KLAMATH MOUNTAINS , 2003 .

[259]  R. Guyette,et al.  Dynamics of an Anthropogenic Fire Regime , 2003, Ecosystems.

[260]  Michael D. Dettinger,et al.  CLIMATE AND WILDFIRE IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES , 2003 .

[261]  John A. Stanturf,et al.  Productivity of Southern Pine Plantations: Where Are We and How Did We Get Here? , 2003, Journal of Forestry.

[262]  K. Lertzman,et al.  11 000 years of fire history and climate in the mountain hemlock rain forests of southwestern British Columbia based on sedimentary charcoal , 2003 .

[263]  A. Brunelle,et al.  Sedimentary charcoal as an indicator of late-Holocene drought in the Sierra Nevada, California, and its relevance to the future , 2003 .

[264]  T. Barnett,et al.  Long lead statistical forecasts of area burned in western U.S. wildfires by ecosystem province , 2002 .

[265]  M. G. Schultz.  On the use of ATSR fire count data to estimate the seasonal and interannual variability of vegetation fire emissions , 2002 .

[266]  S. Page,et al.  The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997 , 2002, Nature.

[267]  L. Hannah,et al.  Climate change‐integrated conservation strategies , 2002 .

[268]  C. Whitlock,et al.  Fire and Vegetation History from the Coastal Rain Forest of the Western Oregon Coast Range , 2002, Quaternary Research.

[269]  A. M. Starfield,et al.  Modeling the Impact of Black Spruce on the Fire Regime of Alaskan Boreal Forest , 2002 .

[270]  K. Lertzman,et al.  Long-Term Fire Regime Estimated from Soil Charcoal in Coastal Temperate Rainforests , 2002 .

[271]  E. Kasischke,et al.  Analysis of the patterns of large fires in the boreal forest region of Alaska , 2002 .

[272]  Kung-Sik Chan,et al.  Ecological Effects of Climate Fluctuations , 2002, Science.

[273]  R. Betts,et al.  The influence of land-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate system: relevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effect of greenhouse gases , 2002, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

[274]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Landscape-scale controls over 20th century fire occurrence in two large Rocky Mountain (USA) wilderness areas , 2002, Landscape Ecology.

[275]  M. Noguer,et al.  Climate change 2001: The scientific basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2002 .

[276]  J. Agee,et al.  Annual and decadal climate forcing of historical fire regimes in the interior Pacific Northwest, USA , 2002 .

[277]  S. Rambal,et al.  Simulating climate change impacts on fire frequency and vegetation dynamics in a Mediterranean‐type ecosystem , 2002 .

[278]  David L. Martell,et al.  A 500 hPa synoptic wildland fire climatology for large Canadian forest fires, 1959–1996 , 2002 .

[279]  K. Brown,et al.  Origin, development, and dynamics of coastal temperate conifer rainforests of southern Vancouver Island, Canada , 2002 .

[280]  Matthew G. Rollins,et al.  Mapping Fire Regimes Across Time and Space: Understanding Coarse and Fine-scale Fire Patterns , 2001 .

[281]  David L. Bunnell,et al.  Fire and land management planning and implementation across multiple scales , 2001 .

[282]  H. Christian.  Global Frequency and Distribution of Lightning as Observed From Space , 2001 .

[283]  D. Cleaves,et al.  Prescribed burning in the South: trends, purpose, and barriers , 2001 .

[284]  D. V. Lear,et al.  Bringing Fire Back: The Changing Regimes of the Appalachian Mixed-Oak Forests , 2001, Journal of Forestry.

[285]  Thomas T. Veblen,et al.  Climatic and human influences on fire history in Pike National Forest, central Colorado , 2001 .

[286]  A. Lugo,et al.  Climate Change and Forest Disturbances , 2001 .

[287]  A. Taylor,et al.  Spatial and temporal variation of fire regimes in a mixed conifer forest landscape, Southern Cascades, California, USA , 2001 .

[288]  W. Baker,et al.  Uncertainty in surface-fire history: the case of ponderosa pine forests in the western United States , 2001 .

[289]  Thomas Kitzberger,et al.  Inter-hemispheric synchrony of forest fires and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation , 2001 .

[290]  M. Finney.  Design of Regular Landscape Fuel Treatment Patterns for Modifying Fire Growth and Behavior , 2001, Forest Science.

[291]  L. Sloan,et al.  Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate 65 Ma to Present , 2001, Science.

[292]  J. Agee,et al.  SPATIAL CONTROLS OF HISTORICAL FIRE REGIMES: A MULTISCALE EXAMPLE FROM THE INTERIOR WEST, USA , 2001 .

[293]  M. Flannigan,et al.  Climate change and forest fires. , 2000, The Science of the total environment.

[294]  Alexei G. Sankovski,et al.  Special report on emissions scenarios : a special report of Working group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2000 .

[295]  Brian Lennon.  Text on the Weather , 2000 .

[296]  T. Kitzberger,et al.  Climatic and human influences on fire regimes in ponderosa pine forests in the Colorado Front Range. , 2000 .

[297]  C. Skinner,et al.  Postglacial vegetation and fire history, eastern Klamath Mountains, California, USA , 2000 .

[298]  R. B. Jackson,et al.  Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. , 2000, Science.

[299]  Raquel V. Francisco,et al.  Uncertainties in regional climate change prediction: a regional analysis of ensemble simulations with the HADCM2 coupled AOGCM , 2000 .

[300]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Century scale climate forcing of fire regimes in the American Southwest , 2000 .

[301]  A. Taylor.  Fire regimes and forest changes in mid and upper montane forests of the southern Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, U.S.A. , 2000 .

[302]  O. Davis.  Pollen analysis of Tulare Lake, California: Great Basin-like vegetation in Central California during the full-glacial and early Holocene , 1999 .

[303]  Juli G. Pausas,et al.  Response of plant functional types to changes in the fire regime in Mediterranean ecosystems: A simulation approach , 1999 .

[304]  C. Weng,et al.  Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history and paleoclimate of the Kaibab Plateau, Arizona , 1999 .

[305]  Herman H. Shugart,et al.  The Holdridge life zones of the conterminous United States in relation to ecosystem mapping , 1999 .

[306]  J. Michaelsen,et al.  A 560-Year Record of Santa Ana Fires Reconstructed from Charcoal Deposited in the Santa Barbara Basin, California , 1999, Quaternary Research.

[307]  Ralf Toumi,et al.  Lightning activity as an indicator of climate change , 1999 .

[308]  R. Bradley.  Paleoclimatology: Reconstructing Climates of the Quaternary , 1999 .

[309]  J. Melillo.  Warm, Warm on the Range , 1999, Science.

[310]  A. Taylor,et al.  Fire history and landscape dynamics in a late-successional reserve, Klamath Mountains, California, USA , 1998 .

[311]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Mesoscale Disturbance and Ecological Response to Decadal Climatic Variability in the American Southwest , 1998 .

[312]  A. Prasad,et al.  PREDICTING ABUNDANCE OF 80 TREE SPECIES FOLLOWING CLIMATE CHANGE IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES , 1998 .

[313]  I. C. Prentice,et al.  BIOME 6000: reconstructing global mid‐Holocene vegetation patterns from palaeoecological records , 1998 .

[314]  K. Trenberth,et al.  Global variations in droughts and wet spells: 1900–1995 , 1998 .

[315]  J. Goldammer,et al.  Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Fire Regimes in the Tropics Based on Magicc and a GISS GCM-Derived Lightning Model , 1998 .

[316]  Thomas A. J. Kuhlbusch,et al.  Black Carbon and the Carbon Cycle , 1998, Science.

[317]  P. Bartlein,et al.  A 9000-year fire history from the Oregon Coast Range, based on a high-resolution charcoal study , 1998 .

[318]  H. Delcourt,et al.  Prehistoric Human Use of Fire, the Eastern Agricultural Complex, and Appalachian Oak-Chestnut Forests: Paleoecology of Cliff Palace Pond, Kentucky , 1998, American Antiquity.

[319]  Malcolm K. Hughes,et al.  Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries , 1998, Nature.

[320]  Gene Lessard,et al.  An adaptive approach to planning and decision-making , 1998 .

[321]  H. Delcourt,et al.  The Influence of Prehistoric Human-set Fires on Oak- Chestnut Forests in the Southern Appalachians , 1998 .

[322]  Mike D. Flannigan,et al.  Canadian boreal forest ecosystem structure and function in a changing climate: impact on fire regimes , 1997 .

[323]  Timothy J. Hoar,et al.  El Niño and climate change , 1997 .

[324]  Max A. Moritz,et al.  ANALYZING EXTREME DISTURBANCE EVENTS: FIRE IN LOS PADRES NATIONAL FOREST , 1997 .

[325]  W. Covington.  Undaunted Courage: Meriwether Lewis, Thomas Jefferson, and the Opening of the American West , 1997 .

[326]  X. Lee,et al.  Introduction to wildland fire , 1997 .

[327]  J. Hurrell,et al.  DECADAL VARIATIONS IN CLIMATE ASSOCIATED WITH THE NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION , 1997 .

[328]  J. Adams,et al.  Preliminary Vegetation Maps of the World since the Last Glacial Maximum: An Aid to Archaeological Understanding , 1997 .

[329]  R. Alley,et al.  Holocene climatic instability: A prominent, widespread event 8200 yr ago , 1997 .

[330]  Patricia L. Fall.  Fire history and composition of the subalpine forest of western Colorado during the Holocene , 1997 .

[331]  C. Chumbley,et al.  The Role of Fire During Climate Change in an Eastern Deciduous Forest at Devil's Bathtub, New York , 1996 .

[332]  S. Hobbs.  Climate Change 1992: The supplementary report to the IPCC scientific assessment , 1996 .

[333]  Mark A. White,et al.  A Quantitative Approach to Developing Regional Ecosystem Classifications , 1996 .

[334]  Joel B. Smith,et al.  Climate change adaptation policy options , 1996 .

[335]  M. Wahlen,et al.  Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980 , 1995, Nature.

[336]  Robert S. Taylor,et al.  Past and current trends of change in a dune prairie/oak savanna reconstructed through a multiple-scale history , 1995 .

[337]  G. Whitney,et al.  From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain: A History of Environmental Change in Temperate North America from 1500 to the Present. , 1995 .

[338]  Margaret M. Moore,et al.  Postsettlement Changes in Natural Fire Regimes and Forest Structure , 1994 .

[339]  Mark A. White,et al.  Old-growth forest landscape transitions from pre-European settlement to present , 1994, Landscape Ecology.

[340]  S. Gedzelman.  Chaos Rules: Edward Lorenz Capped a Century of Progress in Forecasting by Explaining Unpredictability , 1994 .

[341]  Richard Miller,et al.  HOLOCENE CHANGES IN SEMIARID PINYON-JUNIPER WOODLANDS , 1994 .

[342]  D. Rind,et al.  Possible implications of global climate change on global lightning distributions and frequencies , 1994 .

[343]  M. Turner,et al.  Landscape dynamics in crown fire ecosystems , 1994, Landscape Ecology.

[344]  C. Daly,et al.  A Statistical-Topographic Model for Mapping Climatological Precipitation over Mountainous Terrain , 1994 .

[345]  T. Swetnam.  Fire History and Climate Change in Giant Sequoia Groves , 1993, Science.

[346]  Mike D. Flannigan,et al.  Length of the fire season in a changing climate , 1993 .

[347]  J. Overpeck,et al.  Mapping eastern North American vegetation change of the past 18 ka: No-analogs and the future , 1992 .

[348]  D. MacCleery.  American forests : a history of a resiliency and recovery , 1992 .

[349]  R. Leemans,et al.  Comparing global vegetation maps with the Kappa statistic , 1992 .

[350]  R. Anderson,et al.  Late Wisconsin Paleoecologic Record from Swamp Lake, Yosemite National Park, California , 1992, Quaternary Research.

[351]  Marc D. Abrams,et al.  Fire and the Development of Oak Forests , 1992 .

[352]  W. Cramer,et al.  A global biome model based on plant physiology and dominance, soil properties and climate , 1992 .

[353]  J Brenner,et al.  Southern Oscillation Anomalies and Their Relationship to Wildfire Activity in Florida , 1991 .

[354]  J. Kutzbach,et al.  A modified Köppen classification applied to model simulations of glacial and interglacial climates , 1990 .

[355]  C. Canham,et al.  Effects of environment and land-use history on upland forests of the Cary Arboretum, Hudson Valley, New York. , 1990 .

[356]  Peter J. H. Sharpe,et al.  Broad-scale concepts for interactions of climate, topography, and biota at biome transitions , 1989, Landscape Ecology.

[357]  H. Delcourt,et al.  Long-Term Forest Dynamics of the Temperate Zone: A Case Study of Late-Quaternary Forests in Eastern North America , 1989 .

[358]  N. Christensen.  Landscape History and Ecological Change , 1989, Journal of Forest History.

[359]  A. Scott.  Observations on the nature and origin of fusain , 1989 .

[360]  D. Canfield,et al.  A new model for atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time. , 1989, American journal of science.

[361]  H. Delcourt,et al.  Quaternary landscape ecology: Relevant scales in space and time , 1988, Landscape Ecology.

[362]  James S. Clark,et al.  Effect of climate change on fire regimes in northwestern Minnesota , 1988, Nature.

[363]  L. Cwynar.  Fire and the Forest History of the North Cascade Range , 1987 .

[364]  F. I. Woodward,et al.  Climate and plant distribution at global and local scales , 1987, Vegetatio.

[365]  A. Simard,et al.  Relations between El Nino/Southern Oscillation anomalies and wildland fire activity in the United States , 1985 .

[366]  Patricia L. Fall,et al.  Palynological Evidence for Early Holocene Aridity in the Southern Sierra Nevada, California , 1985, Quaternary Research.

[367]  Herman H. Shugart,et al.  Climatic change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes , 1985 .

[368]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Dendrochronology of a fire-scarred ponderosa pine. , 1984 .

[369]  M. Cane.  Oceanographic Events During El Ni�o , 1983, Science.

[370]  N. West,et al.  Livestock Grazing-Fire Regime Interactions within Montane Forests of Zion National Park, Utah , 1983 .

[371]  R. Bailey.  Delineation of ecosystem regions , 1983 .

[372]  J. Otto.  The Decline of Forest Farming in Southern Appalachia , 1983, Journal of Forest History.

[373]  S. Arno,et al.  Indian Fires as an Ecological Influence in the Northern Rockies , 1982, Journal of Forestry.

[374]  Roger Revelle,et al.  Carbon Dioxide and World Climate , 1982 .

[375]  H. Wright,et al.  Fire Ecology: United States and Southern Canada , 1982 .

[376]  J. Rowe,et al.  Ecological land classification: A survey approach , 1981 .

[377]  J. Hansen,et al.  Climate Impact of Increasing Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide , 1981, Science.

[378]  S. Arno.  Forest Fire History in the Northern Rockies , 1980, Journal of Forestry.

[379]  M. H. McCutchan.  A Model for Predicting Synoptic Weather Types Based on Model Output Statistics , 1978 .

[380]  J. Houdaille.  Native (the) population of the Americas in 1492 , 1978 .

[381]  Carl Ekdahl,et al.  Atmospheric carbon dioxide variations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii , 1976 .

[382]  M. L. Heinselman.  Fire in the Virgin Forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota , 1973, Quaternary Research.

[383]  Charles D. Keeling,et al.  Industrial production of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and limestone , 1973 .

[384]  A. W. Küchler.  Potential Natural Vegetation of the Conterminous United States , 1965 .

[385]  Norman A. Phillips,et al.  The general circulation of the atmosphere: A numerical experiment , 1956 .

[386]  G. M. Day.  The Indian as an Ecological Factor in the Northeastern Forest , 1953 .

[387]  C. W. Thornthwaite.  An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate , 1948 .

[388]  L. Holdridge.  Determination of World Plant Formations From Simple Climatic Data. , 1947, Science.

[389]  H. Stoddard.  Use of Controlled Fire in Southeastern Upland Game Management , 1935 .

[390]  H. Chapman.  Is the Longleaf Type a Climax? , 1932, Fire Ecology.

[391]  Charles I. Dague.  DISASTROUS FIRE WEATHER OF SEPTEMBER, 1929 , 1930 .

[392]  Lewis F. Richardson,et al.  Weather Prediction by Numerical Process , 1922 .

[393]  J. A. Larsen,et al.  CLIMATE AND FOREST FIRES IN MONTANA AND NORTHERN IDAHO, 1909 TO 1919 , 1922 .

[394]  E. A. Beals.  THE VALUE OF WEATHER FORECASTS IN THE PROBLEM OF PROTECTING FORESTS FROM FIRE , 1914 .

[395]  S. Arrhenius.  Worlds in the Making: The Evolution of the Universe , 1908 .

[396]  E. Kasischke,et al.  Recent acceleration of biomass burning and carbon losses in Alaskan forests and peatlands , 2011 .

[397]  Thomas C. Peterson,et al.  Tropospheric temperature trends: history of an ongoing controversy , 2011 .

[398]  Sean T. Michaletz,et al.  Predicting climate change effects on wildfires requires linking processes across scales , 2011 .

[399]  Paul N. Edwards,et al.  History of climate modeling , 2011 .

[400]  Ze'ev Gedalof,et al.  Climate and Spatial Patterns of Wildfire in North America , 2011 .

[401]  D. Peterson,et al.  U.S. National Forests adapt to climate change through Science–Management partnerships , 2011, Climatic Change.

[402]  R. Keane,et al.  Modeling climate changes and wildfire interactions: Effects on whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis) and implications for restoration, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA , 2011 .

[403]  A. Taylor,et al.  Multi-century variability in the Pacific North American circulation pattern reconstructed from tree rings , 2010 .

[404]  L. Iverson,et al.  Merger of three modeling approaches to assess potential effects of climate change on trees in the eastern United States , 2010 .

[405]  P. Woodbury,et al.  Review of methods for developing probabilistic risk assessments , 2010 .

[406]  P. Mote,et al.  Adapting to the impacts of climate change , 2010 .

[407]  E. Neafsey,et al.  Fire in the Earth System , 2009 .

[408]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Ecological Foundations for Fire Management in North American Forest and Shrubland Ecosystems , 2009 .

[409]  G. Meehl,et al.  DECADAL PREDICTION Can It Be Skillful ? , 2009 .

[410]  T. Masui,et al.  Variation factors of global cropland requirements from the IPCC special report on emissions scenarios (SRES) , 2009 .

[411]  M. G. Ryan,et al.  Historical Surface Fire Frequency in Ponderosa Pine Stands in Research Natural Areas , Central Rocky Mountains and Black Hills , USA , 2008 .

[412]  David L. Evans,et al.  Integrating climatic and fuels information into National Fire Risk Decision Support Tools , 2007 .

[413]  C. Fowler,et al.  The History of Fire in the Southern United States , 2007 .

[414]  D. Willard.  POLLEN RECORDS, POSTGLACIAL | Southeastern North America , 2007 .

[415]  Mark Rounsevell,et al.  Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , 2007 .

[416]  S. Hostetler,et al.  Atlas of climatic controls of wildfire in the western United States , 2006 .

[417]  Robert E. Keane,et al.  Comparison of the Sensitivity of Landscape-fire-succession Models to Variation in Terrain, Fuel Pattern, Climate and Weather , 2005, Landscape Ecology.

[418]  R. Macarthur.  The Problem of Pattern and Scale in Ecology: The Robert H. MacArthur Award Lecture , 2005 .

[419]  R. Keane,et al.  MAPPING FUELS AND FIRE REGIMES USING REMOTE SENSING, ECOSYSTEM SIMULATION, AND GRADIENT MODELING , 2004 .

[420]  M. Flannigan,et al.  Fire weather index system components for large fires in the Canadian boreal forest , 2004 .

[421]  K. Lertzman,et al.  HOLOCENE FIRE HISTORY OF A COASTAL TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST BASED ON SOIL CHARCOAL RADIOCARBON DATES , 2003 .

[422]  P. Bartlein,et al.  Holocene fire activity as a record of past environmental change , 2003 .

[423]  D. Dickmann,et al.  Fire Return Intervals and Fire Cycles for Historic Fire Regimes in the Great Lakes Region : A Synthesis of the Literature , 2002 .

[424]  David A. Pyke,et al.  Invasive plants and fire in the deserts of North America , 2002 .

[425]  James P. Menakis,et al.  Development of coarse-scale spatial data for wildland fire and fuel management , 2002 .

[426]  Gerald W. Williams.  ABORIGINAL USE OF FIRE: ARE THERE ANY "NATURAL" PLANT COMMUNITIES? , 2002 .

[427]  Franco Biondi,et al.  North Pacific Decadal Climate Variability since 1661 , 2001 .

[428]  T. Barrett,et al.  Models of vegetation change for landscape planning: a comparison of FETM, LANDSUM, SIMPPLLE, and VDDT , 2001 .

[429]  R. Guyette,et al.  Humans, Topograpghy, and Wildland Fire: The Ingredients for Long-term Patterns in Ecosystems , 2000 .

[430]  C. Ison.  Fire on the Edge: Prehistoric Fire Along the Escarpment Zone of the Cumberland Plateau , 2000 .

[431]  D. Neary,et al.  Burned area emergency watershed rehabilitation: Program goals, techniques, effectiveness, and future directions in the 21st Century , 2000 .

[432]  James K. Brown,et al.  Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fire on flora , 2000 .

[433]  Thomas R. Stewart,et al.  Uncertainty, Judgment, and Error in Prediction , 2000 .

[434]  Hong S. He,et al.  Linking an ecosystem model and a landscape model to study forest species response to climate warming , 1999 .

[435]  P. Hamel,et al.  How far could a squirrel travel in the treetops? A prehistory of the southern forest , 1998 .

[436]  Carolyn Hull Sieg,et al.  Fire history in interior ponderosa pine communities of the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA , 1996 .

[437]  M. Anderson,et al.  Native American land-use practices and ecological impacts , 1996 .

[438]  T. Swetnam,et al.  Historical Fire Regime Patterns in the Southwestern United States Since AD 1700 , 1996 .

[439]  Alan S. Weakley,et al.  International classification of ecological communities: terrestrial vegetation of the United States , 1995 .

[440]  M. Abrams,et al.  Physiographic analysis of witness-tree distribution (1765–1798) and present forest cover through north central Pennsylvania , 1995 .

[441]  Arthur S. Lieberman,et al.  Landscape Ecology , 1994, Springer New York.

[442]  Yan Qing,et al.  A Synoptic Climatology for Forest Fires in the NE US and Future Implications from GCM Simulations , 1994 .

[443]  J. Agee.  Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest Forests , 1993 .

[444]  D. L. White,et al.  Fire regimes for pine-grassland communities in the southeastern United States , 1992 .

[445]  Sj Simard.  Fire Severity, Changing Scales, and How Things Hang Together , 1991 .

[446]  D. V. Lear,et al.  History, Uses, and Effects of Fire in the Appalachians , 1989 .

[447]  C. Lorimer,et al.  Frequency of drought and severe fire weather in North-eastern Wisconsin , 1988 .

[448]  Louis R. Iverson,et al.  Analgzing long-term changes in vegetation with geographic information system and remotely sensed data , 1987 .

[449]  Patrick J. Bartlein,et al.  Climatic response surfaces from pollen data for some eastern North American taxa , 1986 .

[450]  T. Karl.  The Sensitivity of the Palmer Drought Severity Index and Palmer's Z-Index to their Calibration Coefficients Including Potential Evapotranspiration , 1986 .

[451]  Jack D. Cohen,et al.  The 1978 National Fire-Danger Rating System: technical documentation , 1984 .

[452]  H. Anderson.  Aids to Determining Fuel Models for Estimating Fire Behavior , 1982 .

[453]  J. Keeley.  Distribution of lightning and man-caused wildfires in California , 1982 .

[454]  H. Delcourt,et al.  Dynamic plant ecology: the spectrum of vegetational change in space and time , 1982 .

[455]  M. Harmon.  Fire History of the Westernmost Portion of Great Smoky Mountains National Park , 1982 .

[456]  M. L. Heinselman.  Fire intensity and frequency as factors in the distribution and structure of northern ecosystems [Canadian and Alaskan boreal forests, Rocky Mountain subalpine forests, Great Lakes-Acadian forests, includes history, management; Canada; USA]. , 1981 .

[457]  Bruce M. Kilgore.  Fire in Ecosystem Distribution and Structure : Western Forests and Scrublands , 1981 .

[458]  David J. Parsons,et al.  Impact of fire suppression on a mixed-conifer forest , 1979 .

[459]  F. Albini.  Estimating Wildfire Behavior and Effects , 1976 .

[460]  A. Gill.  Fire and The Australian Flora: A Review , 1975 .

[461]  Mark J. Schroeder,et al.  Fire weather: a guide for application of meteorological information to forest fire control operations. , 1970 .

[462]  D. Haines,et al.  Climatic conditions preceding historically great fires in the North Central Region. , 1969 .

[463]  Edward N. Lorenz,et al.  The nature and theory of the general circulation of the atmosphere , 1967 .

[464]  M. J. Schroeder,et al.  SYNOPTIC WEATHER TYPES ASSOCIATED WITH CRITICAL FIRE WEATHER , 1964 .

[465]  H. Lutz,et al.  Aboriginal man and white man as historical causes of fires in the boreal forest, with particular reference to Alaska , 1959 .

[466]  E. Ackerman.  The Koppen Classification of Climates in North America , 1941 .

[467]  C. H. Crickmay.  The Nature and Origin of Fusain , 1935 .

[468]  W. Köppen,et al.  Grundriss der Klimakunde , 1931 .

[469]  H. Gleason.  THE VEGETATIONAL HISTORY OF THE MIDDLE WEST , 1922 .

[470]  W. Ashe.  Forest fires: their destructive work, causes and prevention. By W. W. Ashe, in charge of forest investigation. , 1895 .

[471]  Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.  Spatiotemporal Variability of ENSO and SST Teleconnections to Summer Drought over the United States during the Twentieth Century , 2022 .