Investigation of arsenic speciation in algae of the Antarctic region by HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC-ESI-Ion Trap MS

An investigation into presence and nature of As species in algae originating from the Antarctic region is presented in this work. Arsenic speciation information in Antarctic algae samples was obtained by using anion- and cation-exchange chromatography with on-line detection by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP-MS) or electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMS). Total arsenic concentrations found by ICP-MS in the Antarctic algae samples ranged from 8.4 to 29.3 μg As g−1 (dry weight). Arsenic species were efficiently extracted (83–108%) by using an MeOH : H2O (1 : 1) mixture. Anion-exchange chromatography utilizing gradient elution with 25 mM ammonium bicarbonate adjusted to pH 10 was used to separate the anionic As species present in the algae extracts. Additionally, gradient cation-exchange chromatography was performed using 4 mM pyridine solution adjusted to pH 2.4. This allowed the separation of neutral and cationic As species present in the algae extracts. High volatility of the mobile phases allowed sample introduction compatibility with both ICP-MS and ESI-ITMS detectors. Three arsenosugar species (arsenosugar–OH, –SO3, and –PO4) previously reported in marine algae samples accounted for ∼50–80% of the total extractable arsenic in 4 of the 5 samples studied. In one algae sample, the presence of a previously unreported arsenic-containing compound in algae samples was confirmed by ESI-ITMS isolation and fragmentation as 5-dimethylarsinoyl-β-ribofuranose. This compound has been identified previously in marine bivalves but, to our knowledge, not in algae samples.

[1]  I. Ipolyi,et al.  Arsenosugars and other arsenic compounds in littoral zone algae from the Adriatic Sea. , 2006, Chemosphere.

[2]  Paulo Cícero do Nascimento,et al.  Especiação analítica de compostos de arsênio empregando métodos voltamétricos e polarográficos: uma revisão comparativa de suas principais vantagens e aplicações , 2004 .

[3]  M. Potin-Gautier,et al.  Simultaneous determination of twelve inorganic and organic arsenic compounds by liquid chromatography-ultraviolet irradiation-hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. , 2004, Journal of chromatography. A.

[4]  W. Goessler,et al.  Volatile analytes formed from arsenosugars: determination by HPLC-HG-ICPMS and implications for arsenic speciation analyses. , 2004, Analytical chemistry.

[5]  P. Smichowski,et al.  Total arsenic content of nine species of Antarctic macro algae as determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry , 2004, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[6]  T. Řezanka,et al.  Natural occurrence of arseno compounds in plants, lichens, fungi, algal species, and microorganisms , 2003 .

[7]  R. Cornelis,et al.  Safety evaluation of organoarsenical species in edible Porphyra from the China Sea. , 2003, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry.

[8]  Fritz H. Frimmel,et al.  Arsenic — a Review. Part I: Occurrence, Toxicity, Speciation, Mobility , 2003 .

[9]  Jürgen Kuballa,et al.  Benefits of high resolution IC–ICP–MS for the routine analysis of inorganic and organic arsenic species in food products of marine and terrestrial origin , 2003, Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry.

[10]  E. Rosenberg.  The potential of organic (electrospray- and atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation) mass spectrometric techniques coupled to liquid-phase separation for speciation analysis. , 2003, Journal of chromatography. A.

[11]  Z. Mester,et al.  The speciation of natural tissues by electrospray-mass spectrometry. II: Bioinduced ligands and environmental contaminants , 2003 .

[12]  J. Feldmann,et al.  New arsenosugar metabolite determined in urine by parallel use of HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC-ESI-MS , 2003 .

[13]  Z. Mester,et al.  The speciation of natural tissues by electrospray-mass spectrometry. I: Biosynthesized species, As and Se , 2003 .

[14]  J. Szpunar,et al.  The speciation of arsenic in biological tissues and the certification of reference materials for quality control , 2003 .

[15]  S. Hirata,et al.  Arsenic Speciation in Environmental Samples , 2003 .

[16]  M. Montes-Bayón,et al.  Liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. , 1999, Journal of chromatography. A.

[17]  S. Hirata,et al.  Speciation of arsenic in marine algae and commercial shrimp using ion chromatography with ICP-MS detection , 2003 .

[18]  Yong Cai,et al.  Biogeochemistry of Environmentally Important Trace Elements , 2002 .

[19]  S. Tanabe,et al.  Chemical speciation of arsenic in the livers of higher trophic marine animals. , 2002, Marine pollution bulletin.

[20]  D. Valero,et al.  Methylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acids toxicity and total arsenic accumulation in edible bush beans, Phaseolus vulgaris , 2002, Food Additives and Contaminants.

[21]  S. Pergantis,et al.  Arsenosugar identification in seaweed extracts using high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ion trap mass spectrometry. , 2002, Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM.

[22]  J. Gómez-Ariza,et al.  Determination of an arsenosugar in oyster extracts by liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-ultraviolet photo-oxidation-hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry. , 2002, The Analyst.

[23]  W. Goessler,et al.  Arsenic metabolites in human urine after ingestion of an arsenosugar. , 2002, Clinical chemistry.

[24]  J. Szpunar,et al.  Complementarity of multidimensional HPLC-ICP-MS and electrospray MS–MS for speciation analysis of arsenic in algae , 2001 .

[25]  J. Szpunar,et al.  Investigation of arsenic speciation in oyster test reference material by multidimensional HPLC-ICP-MS and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ES-MS-MS). , 2001, The Analyst.

[26]  P. López-Mahía,et al.  Interaction between metallic species and biological substrates: approximation to possible interaction mechanisms between the alga Chlorella vulgaris and arsenic(III) , 2000 .

[27]  W. Goessler,et al.  Determination of ‘arsenosugars’ in algae with anion-exchange chromatography and an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer as element-specific detector , 2000, Fresenius' journal of analytical chemistry.

[28]  M. Marcinek,et al.  Identification of dimethylarsinoyl-riboside derivatives in seaweed by pneumatically assisted electrospray tandem mass spectrometry , 2000 .

[29]  S. Pergantis,et al.  Identification of arsenosugars at the picogram level using nanoelectrospray quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. , 2000, Analytical chemistry.

[30]  W. Goessler,et al.  Characterization of an algal extract by HPLC-ICP-MS and LC-electrospray MS for use in arsenosugar speciation studies , 2000 .

[31]  J. Szpunar,et al.  Speciation of arsenic in edible algae by bi-dimensional size-exclusion anion exchange HPLC with dual ICP-MS and electrospray MS/MS detection , 2000 .

[32]  D. Prada-Rodríguez,et al.  Accumulation of arsenic(III) by chlorella vulgaris , 1999 .

[33]  J. Creed,et al.  Detection of arsenosugars from kelp extracts via IC-electrospray ionization-MS-MS and IC membrane hydride generation ICP-MS , 1999 .

[34]  T. Saitoh,et al.  Biotransformation of arsenobetaine to trimethylarsine oxide by marine microorganisms in a gill of clam Meretrix lusoria , 1998 .

[35]  D. Prada-Rodríguez,et al.  Arsenic Speciation in Marine Sediments: Effects of Redox Potential and Reducing conditions , 1997 .

[36]  K. Reimer,et al.  The characterization of arsenosugars in commercially available algal products including a Nostoc species of terrestrial origin , 1997 .

[37]  Peters Gr,et al.  Environmental aspects of arsenic toxicity. , 1996 .

[38]  E. Larsen.  Speciation of dimethylarsinyl-riboside derivatives (arsenosugars) in marine reference materials by HPLC-ICP-MS , 1995 .

[39]  K. Naka,et al.  Uptake and excretion of total inorganic arsenic by the freshwater alga Chlorella vulgaris , 1992 .

[40]  K. Bruland,et al.  Biogeochemistry of arsenic in natural waters: The importance of methylated species , 1991 .

[41]  K. Reimer,et al.  Arsenic speciation in the environment , 1989 .