Seismic refraction, isotropic anisotropic seismic tomography on an ancient monument (Antonino and Faustina temple ad 141)

This paper describes the results of using geophysical techniques to investigate three columns of the Pronaos of the Antonino and Faustina temple (AD 141) in Rome, Italy; the columns are of cipollino marble which shows alternate sequences of mica and calcite beds. We applied seismic refraction using traditional interpretation, and seismic transmission tomography. The comparison between the results of the refraction study and the 2D and 3D isotropic tomographic analyses suggested anisotropic characteristics for the marble, and this prompted us to perform a further tomographic experiment, taking into account these characteristics of the material. Assuming an elliptical model, the main directions of anisotropy were detected. Two velocity fields corresponding to the main directions of the anisotropy were measured and anomalies such as cracks and fractures were noted. The conjugate‐gradient algorithm was used to invert the data. The results of the isotropic and anisotropic models were compared. The correlation between the methods highlighted the characteristics of the marble, i.e. anisotropy, depth of the weathering, fractures and small cracks. The results show that the material of the columns is in reasonable condition, with the exception of a surface area 6 cm to 15 cm deep that we estimate has been weathered for 2000 years, and that has been particularly affected by pollution in the last century.