A new method to measure the terminal velocity of small particles: A demonstration using ascending eggs of the Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus)

A new method, incorporating video, motion analysis, and a novel experimental apparatus, was used to measure the terminal velocity of particles. The method facilitated the investigation of treatment effects and maximized the number of measurements For each replicate, thus improving the statistics for a population of particles. The eggs of the Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) were used to demonstrate the method by investigating the effects of salinity and stage of development on their ascent rate. Egg ascent rate was greatest at intermediate salinity (36.5‰) and decreased in the late stage of embryonic development. We estimate eggs at oceanic salinities (>35.5‰) in nature to ascend at 0.19–0.25 cm s−1.

[1]  T. Bromwich,et al.  Motion of a Sphere in a Viscous Fluid , 1929, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[2]  J. M. Dallavalle.  Micromeritics : the technology of fine particles , 1948 .

[3]  H. Johnson,et al.  A comparison of 'traditional' and multimedia information systems development practices , 2003, Inf. Softw. Technol..

[4]  G. Sundnes,et al.  Buoyancy Determination of Eggs from the Cod (Gadus morhua L.) , 1965 .

[5]  D. F. Alderdice,et al.  Some Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Early Development and Survival of the English Sole (Parophrys vetulus) , 1968 .

[6]  D. F. Alderdice,et al.  Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Embryonic Development of the Petrale Sole (Eopsetta jordani) , 1971 .

[7]  R. C. May.  Factors affecting buoyancy in the eggs of Bairdiella icistia (Pisces: Sciaenidae) , 1974 .

[8]  T. N. Stevenson,et al.  Fluid Mechanics , 2021, Nature.

[9]  W. Guggino.  Water balance in embryos of Fundulus heteroclitus and F. bermudae in seawater. , 1980, The American journal of physiology.

[10]  S. Coombs.  A density-gradient column for determining the specific gravity of fish eggs, with particular reference to eggs of the mackerel Scomber scombrus , 1981 .

[11]  S. Vogel.  Life in Moving Fluids: The Physical Biology of Flow , 1981 .

[12]  G. J. Mitchell,et al.  Principles and procedures of statistics: A biometrical approach , 1981 .

[13]  W. Hettler.  Transporting Adult and Larval Gulf Menhaden and Techniques for Spawning in the Laboratory , 1983 .

[14]  Svein Sundby,et al.  A one-dimensional model for the vertical distribution of pelagic fish eggs in the mixed layer , 1983 .

[15]  Peter A. Jumars,et al.  Transport and breakdown of fecal pellets: Biological and sedimentological consequences1 , 1984 .

[16]  S. Coombs,et al.  The Buoyancy and Vertical Distribution of Eggs of Sprat (Sprattus Sprattus) and Pilchard (Sardina Pilchardus) , 1985, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[17]  N. Marcus,et al.  Subitaneous and diapause eggs of Labidocera aestiva Wheeler (Copepoda : Calanoida): Differences in fall velocity and density , 1986 .

[18]  D. A. Burgess.  General Properties of Matter , 1987 .

[19]  S. M. Harvey,et al.  The causes of buoyancy in eggs of marine teleosts , 1987, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom.

[20]  D. Checkley,et al.  Winter storm effects on the spawning and larval drift of a pelagic fish , 1988, Nature.

[21]  Steven Vogel,et al.  Life's Devices: The Physical World of Animals and Plants , 1988 .

[22]  Mark W. Denny.  Life's devices: The physical world of animals and plants: by Steven Vogel, Princeton University Press, 1989. $49.50 hbk, $17.95 pbk (367 pages) ISBN 0 691 08504 8 , 1989 .

[23]  F. Page,et al.  Stage Dependent Vertical Distribution of Haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) Eggs in a Stratified Water Column: Observations and Model , 1989 .

[24]  Yuji Tanaka.  Change in the egg buoyancy of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus during embryonic development , 1990 .

[25]  A. Nissling,et al.  Egg buoyancy of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) and its implications for cod stock fluctuations in the Baltic , 1991 .

[26]  T. Dickey,et al.  The fluid mechanics of copepod feeding in a turbulent flow: A theoretical approach , 1991 .

[27]  S. Sundby.  Factors affecting the vertical distribution of eggs , 1990 .

[28]  O. S. Kjesbu,et al.  Buoyancy variations in eggs of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) in relation to chorion thickness and egg size: theory and observations , 1992 .

[29]  Michael W. Davis,et al.  The influence of light on egg buoyancy and hatching rate of the walleye pollock, Theragra chalcogramma , 1993 .

[30]  L. Pietrafesa,et al.  Eulerian views of layered water currents, vertical distribution of some larval fishes, and inferred advective transport over the continental shelf off North Carolina, USA, in winter , 1994 .

[31]  A. Taniguchi,et al.  Sinking rate of loricae of some common tintinnid ciliates , 1995 .

[32]  J. Anderson,et al.  Application of a one-dimensional model to vertical distributions of cod eggs on the northeastern Newfoundland Shelf , 1995 .

[33]  David M. Checkley,et al.  A continuous, underway fish egg sampler , 1997 .