Medical progress: Obesity.

[1]  C. Bouchard,et al.  Impact of exercise intensity on body fatness and skeletal muscle metabolism. , 1994, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[2]  S. Maddison Intraperitoneal and intracranial cholecystokinin depress operant responding for food , 1977, Physiology & Behavior.

[3]  S. Woods,et al.  The evaluation of insulin as a metabolic signal influencing behavior via the brain , 1996, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[4]  Steven L. Cohen,et al.  Weight-reducing effects of the plasma protein encoded by the obese gene. , 1995, Science.

[5]  B. Cohen,et al.  Modulation of Insulin Activities by Leptin , 1996, Science.

[6]  B. Spiegelman,et al.  IRS-1-Mediated Inhibition of Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activity in TNF-α- and Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance , 1996, Science.

[7]  M. Maffei,et al.  Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue , 1994, Nature.

[8]  G. C. Kennedy,et al.  The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat , 1953, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B - Biological Sciences.

[9]  R. Considine,et al.  Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[10]  P. Felig Four questions about protein diets. , 1978, The New England journal of medicine.

[11]  M. Deitel,et al.  Increased obese mRNA expression in omental fat cells from massively obese humans , 1995, Nature Medicine.

[12]  J. Flier,et al.  The adipocyte: Storage depot or node on the energy information superhighway? , 1995, Cell.

[13]  E. Danforth,et al.  The role of thyroid hormones in the control of energy expenditure. , 1984, Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism.

[14]  Z. Żukowska-Grójec Neuropeptide Y , 1995, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[15]  T. Murakami,et al.  Dexamethasone regulates obese expression in isolated rat adipocytes. , 1995, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[16]  W. Oldendorf Blood-brain barrier permeability to peptides: Pitfalls in measurement , 1981, Peptides.

[17]  J Benichou,et al.  Appetite-suppressant drugs and the risk of primary pulmonary hypertension. International Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[18]  D. West,et al.  Dietary obesity linked to genetic loci on chromosomes 9 and 15 in a polygenic mouse model. , 1994, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[19]  W. Dietz,et al.  Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[20]  J. Peters,et al.  Obesity Treatment: Can Diet Composition Play a Role? , 1993, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[21]  P. C. Butera,et al.  Modulation of the satiety effect of cholecystokinin by estradiol , 1993, Physiology & Behavior.

[22]  C. Mantzoros,et al.  Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting , 1996, Nature.

[23]  R. Leibel,et al.  Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[24]  S. Chua,et al.  Food deprivation and hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression: effects of strain background and the diabetes mutation. , 1991, Brain research. Molecular brain research.

[25]  M. Weintraub,et al.  Long‐term weight control study: Conclusions , 1992, Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics.

[26]  T. Wadden,et al.  Treatment of Obesity by Moderate and Severe Caloric Restriction: Results of Clinical Research Trials , 1993, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[27]  R. Considine,et al.  Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance , 1996, The Lancet.

[28]  S. Woods,et al.  Insulin, Neuropeptide Y, and Food Intake , 1993, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[29]  T. V. Itallie Health Implications of Overweight and Obesity in the United States , 1985 .

[30]  A. Scheurink,et al.  Neuroendocrine mechanisms involved in regulation of body weight, food intake and metabolism , 1990, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[31]  W. Chung,et al.  Suggestive linkages between markers on human 1p32-p22 and body fat and insulin levels in the Quebec Family Study. , 1997, Obesity research.

[32]  J. Himms-Hagen,et al.  Brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and obesity. , 1989, Progress in lipid research.

[33]  Susan L. Johnson,et al.  The variability of young children's energy intake. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[34]  R. Surwit,et al.  Role of leptin in fat regulation , 1996, Nature.

[35]  G. Koob,et al.  Appetite-Suppressing Effects of Urocortin, a CRF-Related Neuropeptide , 1996, Science.

[36]  R. Considine,et al.  Evidence against either a premature stop codon or the absence of obese gene mRNA in human obesity. , 1995, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[37]  S. Leibowitz Brain peptides and obesity: pharmacologic treatment. , 1995, Obesity research.

[38]  J. Manson,et al.  Pharmacotherapy for obesity -- do the benefits outweigh the risks? , 1996, The New England journal of medicine.

[39]  G. Forbes,et al.  Cardiac arrhythmias associated with a liquid protein diet for the treatment of obesity. , 1980, The New England journal of medicine.

[40]  S. Woods,et al.  Endocrine regulation of food intake and body weight. , 1996, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[41]  M. Chiesi,et al.  Regulation of ob gene mRNA levels in cultured adipocytes , 1996, FEBS letters.

[42]  R. Frisch,et al.  Menstrual Cycles: Fatness as a Determinant of Minimum Weight for Height Necessary for Their Maintenance or Onset , 1974, Science.

[43]  L. Pannell,et al.  Carboxypeptidase E Is a Regulated Secretory Pathway Sorting Receptor: Genetic Obliteration Leads to Endocrine Disorders in Cpefat Mice , 1997, Cell.

[44]  R. Palmiter,et al.  Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y , 1996, Nature.

[45]  W. Chung,et al.  Mapping of the OB receptor to 1p in a region of nonconserved gene order from mouse and rat to human. , 1996, Genome research.

[46]  J. Friedman,et al.  Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice , 1996, Nature.

[47]  B V Howard,et al.  Reduced rate of energy expenditure as a risk factor for body-weight gain. , 1988, The New England journal of medicine.

[48]  J. Schwartz,et al.  Characterization and inhibition of a cholecystokinin-inactivating serine peptidase , 1996, Nature.

[49]  J. Ohannesian,et al.  Evidence of free and bound leptin in human circulation. Studies in lean and obese subjects and during short-term fasting. , 1996, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[50]  R. Leibel,et al.  Diminished energy requirements in reduced-obese patients. , 1984, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[51]  K. Svenson,et al.  Identification of four chromosomal loci determining obesity in a multifactorial mouse model. , 1995, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[52]  B. Lowell,et al.  Obesity research springs a proton leak , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[53]  J. Hirsch Some heat but not enough light , 1997, nature.

[54]  S. Whitebread,et al.  A receptor subtype involved in neuropeptide-Y-induced food intake , 1996, Nature.

[55]  J. Flatt,et al.  Dietary Fat, Carbohydrate Balance, and Weight Maintenance a , 1993, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[56]  R. Devos,et al.  Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. , 1995, Science.

[57]  M. Tordoff,et al.  Integrated metabolic control of food intake , 1986, Brain Research Bulletin.

[58]  L. Tartaglia,et al.  Phenotypes of Mouse diabetes and Rat fatty Due to Mutations in the OB (Leptin) Receptor , 1996, Science.

[59]  Rene Devos,et al.  Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R , 1995, Cell.

[60]  J. Blundell,et al.  Pharmacological approaches to appetite suppression. , 1991, Trends in pharmacological sciences.

[61]  J. Brunzell,et al.  Weight loss leads to a marked decrease in nonresting energy expenditure in ambulatory human subjects. , 1988, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[62]  J. Morley Neuropeptide regulation of appetite and weight. , 1987, Endocrine reviews.

[63]  S. O’Rahilly,et al.  Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans , 1997, Nature.

[64]  R. Considine,et al.  Mutation screening and identification of a sequence variation in the human ob gene coding region. , 1996, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[65]  K. Mounzih,et al.  Early Onset of Reproductive Function in Normal Female Mice Treated with Leptin , 1997, Science.

[66]  M. Pelleymounter,et al.  Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice. , 1995, Science.

[67]  G. Bray,et al.  Experimental obesity: a homeostatic failure due to defective nutrient stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. , 1989, Vitamins and hormones.

[68]  Christophe Fleury,et al.  Uncoupling protein-2: a novel gene linked to obesity and hyperinsulinemia , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[69]  R. Leibel And finally, genes for human obesity , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[70]  S. Dryden,et al.  Neuropeptide Y, the hypothalamus, and diabetes: Insights into the central control of metabolism , 1995, Peptides.

[71]  E. Ravussin,et al.  Metabolic differences and the development of obesity. , 1995, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[72]  W. Coward,et al.  Energy expenditure and intake in infants born to lean and overweight mothers. , 1988, The New England journal of medicine.

[73]  A. Stunkard,et al.  An adoption study of human obesity. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[74]  E. Leiter,et al.  Carboxypeptidase E Activity Is Deficient in Mice with the fat Mutation , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[75]  S. O’Rahilly,et al.  Obesity and impaired prohormone processing associated with mutations in the human prohormone convertase 1 gene , 1997, Nature Genetics.

[76]  G. Bray Nutrient intake is modulated by peripheral peptide administration. , 1995, Obesity research.

[77]  L. Landsberg,et al.  The role of the sympathoadrenal system in modulating energy expenditure. , 1984, Clinics in endocrinology and metabolism.