Technique of the Modulated Chlorophyll Fluorescence: Basic Concepts, Useful Parameters, and Some Applications

The review summarizes basic information about slow and fast chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence induction kinetics (FIK) recorded using fluorimeters working on a principle of the pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) of a Chl fluorescence signal. It explains fundamental principles of the measuring technique, evaluates the terminology, symbols, and parameters used. Analysis of Chl FIK resulting in a set of Chl fluorescence parameters (FPs) provides qualitative and quantitative information about photosynthetic processes in chloroplasts. Using FPs, one can describe the functioning of the photosynthetic apparatus under different internal and external conditions. Brief comments on proper application of the fluorimetric method in photosynthesis research and some actual examples are also given.

[1]  F. Garlaschi,et al.  A study of the relation between CP29 phosphorylation, zeaxanthin content and fluorescence quenching parameters in Zea mays leaves , 1998 .

[2]  G. Krause,et al.  Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Photosynthesis: The Basics , 1991 .

[3]  J. Snel,et al.  The use of chlorophyll fluorescence nomenclature in plant stress physiology , 1990, Photosynthesis Research.

[4]  K. Karukstis,et al.  Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to assess the competition of substituted anthraquinones for the QB binding site. , 1990, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[5]  George Papageorgiou,et al.  6 – Chlorophyll Fluorescence: An Intrinsic Probe of Photosynthesis , 1975 .

[6]  R. Strasser,et al.  Sites of Action of Copper in the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Maize Leaves: Kinetic Analysis of Chlorophyll Fluorescence, Oxygen Evolution, Absorption Changes and Thermal Dissipation as Monitored by Photoacoustic Signals , 1997 .

[7]  B. Demmig‐Adams,et al.  Regulation of Photosynthetic Light Energy Capture, Conversion, and Dissipation in Leaves of Higher Plants , 1994 .

[8]  J. Sinclair,et al.  Heterogeneous photosystem 2 activity in isolated spinach chloroplasts , 1990, Photosynthesis Research.

[9]  G. Edwards,et al.  Temperature Dependence of the Linkage of Quantum Yield of Photosystem II to CO2 Fixation in C4 and C3 Plants , 1993, Plant physiology.

[10]  N. Baker,et al.  Resolving chlorophyll a fluorescence images of photosynthetic efficiency into photochemical and non-photochemical components – calculation of qP and Fv-/Fm-; without measuring Fo-; , 1997, Photosynthesis Research.

[11]  G. Öquist,et al.  Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool in photosynthesis research , 1993 .

[12]  U. Schreiber,et al.  Detection of rapid induction kinetics with a new type of high-frequency modulated chlorophyll fluorometer. , 1986 .

[13]  R. Strasser,et al.  A theoretical and experimental analysis of the qP and qN coefficients of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and their relation to photochemical and nonphotochemical events , 2004, Photosynthesis Research.

[14]  R. Strasser,et al.  Can screening criteria for drought resistance in Nicotiana tabacum L. be derived from the polyphasic rise of the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient (OJIP) , 1996 .

[15]  W. L. Butler,et al.  Quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and primary photochemistry in chloroplasts by dibromothymoquinone. , 1975, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[16]  A. Gilmore,et al.  Mechanistic aspects of xanthophyll cycle‐dependent photoprotection in higher plant chloroplasts and leaves , 1997 .

[17]  J. Nauš,et al.  Sensitivity of the relative Fpl level of chlorophyll fluorescence induction in leaves to the heat stress , 1994, Photosynthesis Research.

[18]  J. Lavergne,et al.  Properties of inactive Photosystem II centers , 1993, Photosynthesis Research.

[19]  I. Impens,et al.  The susceptibility of PS II of Lolium perenne to a sudden fall in air temperature—response of plants grown in elevated CO2 and/or increased air temperature , 1998 .

[20]  J. Brown,et al.  Fluorometric evidence for the participation of chlorophyll a-695 in system 2 of photosynthesis. , 1967, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[21]  R. Knox.  4 – Excitation Energy Transfer and Migration: Theoretical Considerations* , 1975 .

[22]  N. Baker,et al.  Analysis of the slow phases of the in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve. Changes in the redox state of photosystem II electron acceptors and fluorescence emission from photosystems I and II. , 1981, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[23]  E. Govindje,et al.  Sixty-Three Years Since Kautsky: Chlorophyll a Fluorescence , 1995 .

[24]  Peter Horton,et al.  Studies on the induction of chlorophyll fluorescence in isolated barley protoplasts. IV. Resolution of non-photochemical quenching , 1988 .

[25]  Ulrich Heber,et al.  ATP and NADPH as the driving force of carbon reduction in leaves in relation to thylakoid energization by light , 1994, Planta.

[26]  O. Björkman,et al.  Photon yield of O2 evolution and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics at 77 K among vascular plants of diverse origins , 1987, Planta.

[27]  W. Bilger,et al.  Chlorophyll fluorescence as a nonintrusive indicator for rapid assessment of in vivo photosynthesis , 1994 .

[28]  R. Strasser,et al.  Stress and Stress Management of Land Plants During a Regular Day , 1996 .

[29]  A. Girotti,et al.  PHOTODYNAMIC LIPID PEROXIDATION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS * , 1990, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[30]  C. Field,et al.  Low and High Temperature Limits to PSII: A Survey Using trans-Parinaric Acid, Delayed Light Emission, and Fo Chlorophyll Fluorescence , 1989 .

[31]  N. Baker,et al.  A quantitative determination of photochemical and non-photochemical quenching during the slow phase of the chlorophyll fluorescence induction curve of bean leaves , 1984 .

[32]  Govindjee,et al.  1 – Introduction to Photosynthesis , 1975 .

[33]  J. Briantais,et al.  The relationship between the quantum yield of photosynthetic electron transport and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence , 1989 .

[34]  V. Sundström,et al.  Energy transfer and trapping in photosynthesis , 1994 .

[35]  T. G. Owens.  Processing of Excitation Energy by Antenna Pigments , 1996 .

[36]  G. Öquist,et al.  A PORTABLE, MICROPROCESSOR OPERATED INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE KINETICS IN STRESS PHYSIOLOGY , 1988 .

[37]  Wolfgang Bilger,et al.  Role of the xanthophyll cycle in photoprotection elucidated by measurements of light-induced absorbance changes, fluorescence and photosynthesis in leaves of Hedera canariensis , 1990, Photosynthesis Research.

[38]  P. Mitchell.  CHEMIOSMOTIC COUPLING IN OXIDATIVE AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PHOSPHORYLATION , 1966, Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[39]  H. Lichtenthaler.  18 – APPLICATIONS OF CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE IN STRESS PHYSIOLOGY AND REMOTE SENSING , 1990 .

[40]  D. Dixon,et al.  Photoinduced toxicity of PAHs to the foliar regions of Brassica napus (canola) and Cucumbis sativus (cucumber) in simulated solar radiation. , 1996, Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.

[41]  U. Schreiber,et al.  Measuring P700 Absorbance Changes around 830 nm with a New Type of Pulse Modulation System , 1988 .

[42]  P. Leeuwen,et al.  Absorbance difference spectra of the S-state transitions in Photosystem II core particles , 2004, Photosynthesis Research.

[43]  G. Paillotin.  Movement of excitations in the photosynthetic domains of photosystem II. , 1976, Journal of theoretical biology.

[44]  W. Bilger,et al.  Energy-dependent quenching of dark-level chlorophyll fluorescence in intact leaves. , 1986 .

[45]  P. Horton,et al.  Regulation of Photosystem II , 1992, Photosynthesis Research.

[46]  W. Bilger,et al.  Continuous recording of photochemical and non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching with a new type of modulation fluorometer , 2004, Photosynthesis Research.

[47]  P. Horton.  Nonphotochemical Quenching of Chlorophyll Fluorescence , 1996 .

[48]  G. Schmuck,et al.  Application of chlorophyll fluorescence in ecophysiology , 1986, Radiation and environmental biophysics.

[49]  C. Osmond,et al.  Photosystem II function and herbicide binding sites during photoinhibition of spinach chloroplasts in-vivo and in-vitro , 1989, Photosynthesis Research.

[50]  Joseph A. Berry,et al.  Quantum efficiency of Photosystem II in relation to ‘energy’-dependent quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence , 1987 .

[51]  A. Glatz,et al.  Is the Membrane the Primary Target in the Biological Perception of Temperature? Effect of Membrane Physical State on the Expression of Stress-Defence Genes , 1995 .

[52]  U. Schreiber,et al.  Practical Applications of Fluorometric Methods to Algae and Higher Plant Research , 1986 .

[53]  Govindjee,et al.  Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient as an indicator of active and inactive Photosystem II in thylakoid membranes. , 1990, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[54]  David Baker,et al.  Using chlorophyll fluorescence to assess the fraction of absorbed light allocated to thermal dissipa , 2008 .