Systems and Control Opportunities in the Integration of Renewable Energy into the Smart Grid

Abstract The Smart Grid is among the most important and ambitious endeavors of our time. Deep integration of renewable energy sources is one component of the Smart Grid vision. A fundamental difficulty here is that renewable energy sources are highly variable – they are not dispatchable, are intermittent, and uncertain. The electricity grid must absorb this variability through a portfolio of solutions. These include aggregation of variable generation, curtailment, operating reserves, storage technologies, local generation, and distributed demand response. The various elements in this portfolio must be dynamically coordinated based on available information within the framework of electricity grid operations. This, in turn, will require critical technologies and methods drawn from optimization, modeling, and control, which are the core competencies of Systems and Control. This paper catalogues some of these systems and control research opportunities that arise in the deep integration of renewable energy sources.

[1]  Liangying Hecker,et al.  Inter-regional transmission development for Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study , 2010, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[2]  C. Marnay,et al.  Ancillary services market in California , 1999 .

[3]  G. Strbac,et al.  Trading Wind Generation in Short-Term Energy Markets , 2002, IEEE Power Engineering Review.

[4]  Kara Clark,et al.  Western Wind and Solar Integration Study , 2011 .

[5]  Alfred J. Cavallo,et al.  Controllable and affordable utility-scale electricity from intermittent wind resources and compressed air energy storage (CAES) , 2007 .

[6]  Andrew Kusiak,et al.  Short-term prediction of wind power with a clustering approach , 2010 .

[7]  Kathleen L. Spees,et al.  Impacts of Responsive Load in PJM: Load Shifting and Real Time Pricing , 2007 .

[8]  Vijay Vittal,et al.  Impact of increased penetration of DFIG based wind turbine generators on transient and small signal stability of power systems , 2009, IEEE PES General Meeting.

[9]  Thomas J. Overbye,et al.  An Authenticated Control Framework for Distributed Voltage Support on the Smart Grid , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid.

[10]  William W. Hogan,et al.  Electricity Wholesale Market Design in a Low Carbon Future Draft , 2010 .

[11]  Geothermal Energy.  Western Wind and Solar Integration Study , 2010 .

[12]  Vladimiro Miranda,et al.  Wind power forecasting : state-of-the-art 2009. , 2009 .

[13]  Magnus Korpaas,et al.  Operation and sizing of energy storage for wind power plants in a market system , 2003 .

[14]  Julio Usaola,et al.  Combined hydro-wind generation bids in a pool-based electricity market , 2009 .

[15]  Henrik Madsen,et al.  Skill forecasting from ensemble predictions of wind power , 2009 .

[16]  Pravin Varaiya,et al.  Optimal contracts for wind power producers in electricity markets , 2010, 49th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC).

[17]  Jeffery B. Greenblatt,et al.  Baseload wind energy: modeling the competition between gas turbines and compressed air energy storage for supplemental generation , 2007 .

[18]  F. Sioshansi.  Competitive electricity markets : design, implementation, performance , 2008 .

[19]  S. Borenstein,et al.  Dynamic Pricing, Advanced Metering, and Demand Response in Electricity Markets , 2002 .

[20]  P. Varaiya,et al.  Bringing Wind Energy to Market , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[21]  P. Pinson,et al.  Trading Wind Generation From Short-Term Probabilistic Forecasts of Wind Power , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[22]  Jian Ma,et al.  Operational Impacts of Wind Generation on California Power Systems , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems.

[23]  R. Socolow,et al.  Compressed Air Energy Storage : Theory , Resources , And Applications For Wind Power 8 , 2008 .

[24]  Pravin Varaiya,et al.  Risk limiting dispatch of wind power , 2012, 2012 American Control Conference (ACC).

[25]  Tomonobu Senjyu,et al.  Optimal voltage control in distribution systems using PV generators , 2011 .

[26]  Michael Milligan,et al.  Wind Energy and Power System Operations: A Review of Wind Integration Studies to Date , 2009 .

[27]  Arindam Ghosh,et al.  Voltage Unbalance reduction in low voltage distribution networks with rooftop PVs , 2010, 2010 20th Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference.

[28]  Pravin Varaiya,et al.  Smart Operation of Smart Grid: Risk-Limiting Dispatch , 2011, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[29]  Alfred J. Cavallo,et al.  High-Capacity Factor Wind Energy Systems , 1995 .

[30]  Chandrika Kamath,et al.  Understanding wind ramp events through analysis of historical data , 2009, IEEE PES T&D 2010.

[31]  Antonio Napolitano,et al.  Cyclostationarity: Half a century of research , 2006, Signal Process..

[32]  Houmin Yan,et al.  An Analysis of Staged Purchases in Deregulated Time-Sequential Electricity Markets , 2005 .

[33]  G. Thomann,et al.  The time variation of wind speeds and windfarm power output in Kansas , 1988 .

[34]  Georges Garabeth Salgi,et al.  The role of compressed air energy storage (CAES) in future sustainable energy systems , 2009 .

[35]  Arthur R. Bergen,et al.  Power Systems Analysis , 1986 .

[36]  P. Varaiya,et al.  Interruptible electric power service contracts , 1993 .

[37]  Antonio J. Conejo,et al.  Short-Term Trading for a Wind Power Producer , 2010 .

[38]  Y.V. Makarov,et al.  Wind Integration Issues and Solutions in California , 2007, 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting.

[39]  Paul Denholm,et al.  Role of Energy Storage with Renewable Electricity Generation , 2010 .

[40]  L. Soder,et al.  Minimization of imbalance cost trading wind power on the short term power market , 2005, 2005 IEEE Russia Power Tech.

[41]  L. Marroyo,et al.  Power output fluctuations in large scale pv plants: One year observations with one second resolution and a derived analytic model , 2011 .