Microbial exposure and health assessments in sanitation technologies and systems

[1]  D. D. Mara,et al.  Parasite removal by natural wastewater treatment systems: performance of waste stabilisation ponds and constructed wetlands. , 2003, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[2]  M. Sohrabi,et al.  The impact of an urban sewerage system on childhood diarrhoea in Tehran, Iran: a concurrent control field trial. , 2009, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[3]  F. Amerasinghe,et al.  Larval survey of surface water-breeding mosquitoes during irrigation development in the Mahaweli Project, Sri Lanka. , 1990, Journal of medical entomology.

[4]  P. Jenssen,et al.  A high–performance compact filter system treating domestic wastewater , 2006 .

[5]  Hemda Garelick,et al.  Sanitation and disease: Health aspects of excreta and wastewater management , 1983 .

[6]  J. Bünger,et al.  Health complaints and immunological markers of exposure to bioaerosols among biowaste collectors and compost workers , 2000, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[7]  N. Horan,et al.  Biological Wastewater Treatment Systems: Theory and Operation , 1990 .

[8]  P. Jenssen,et al.  Greywater Treatment in combined Biofilter/Constructed Wetlands in Cold Climate , 2003 .

[9]  T. Redlinger,et al.  Survival of Fecal Coliforms in Dry-Composting Toilets , 2001, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[10]  J. Skousen,et al.  Fate of physical, chemical, and microbial contaminants in domestic wastewater following treatment by small constructed wetlands. , 2003, Water research.

[11]  L. Plym-Forshell.  Survival of Salmonellas and Ascaris Suum Eggs in a Thermophilic Biogas Plant , 1995, Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica.

[12]  P. Levett,et al.  The effect of slurry storage and anaerobic digestion on survival of pathogenic bacteria. , 1993, The Journal of applied bacteriology.

[13]  M. Ghazy,et al.  Performance Evaluation of a Waste Stabilization Pond in a Rural Area in Egypt , 2008 .

[14]  C. Dorn,et al.  Municipal sewage sludge application on Ohio farms: health effects. , 1985, Environmental research.

[15]  M. Burney,et al.  Role of arthropod borne viruses in human diseases in Rawalpindi and Peshawar area. II. Isolation of West Nile virus from human blood and culicine mosquitoes in Rawalpindi area. , 1966 .

[16]  F. Konradsen,et al.  Simple intervention to reduce mosquito breeding in waste stabilisation ponds. , 2007, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[17]  C I Gryfe,et al.  A longitudinal study of falls in an elderly population II. Some circumstances of falling. , 1977, Age and ageing.

[18]  P. Yekutiel,et al.  Prospective Epidemiological Study of Health Risks Associated with Wastewater Utilization in Agriculture , 1986 .

[19]  J. P. Frost,et al.  Survival of pathogenic bacteria during mesophilic anaerobic digestion of animal waste. , 1993, The Journal of applied bacteriology.

[20]  Effect of fly control on trachoma and diarrhoea , 1999 .

[21]  C. Gerba,et al.  Microbiological hazards of household toilets: droplet production and the fate of residual organisms. , 1975, Applied microbiology.

[22]  B. Jiménez,et al.  Biological risks to food crops fertilized with Ecosan sludge. , 2007, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[23]  Elizabeth M. Slossr.  Groundwater Recharge with Reclaimed Water: An Epidemiologic Assessment in Los Angeles County,1987-1991 , 1996 .

[24]  U. Blumenthal,et al.  Critical review of epidemiological evidence of the health effects of wastewater and excreta use in agriculture , 2002 .

[25]  An Evaluation of Septic Tank Performance in Bayelsa State, Nigeria , 2007 .

[26]  D. Kay,et al.  Quantitative microbial risk assessment with respect to Campylobacter spp. in toilets flushed with harvested rainwater , 2007 .

[27]  J. Jofre,et al.  Occurrence and levels of indicators and selected pathogens in different sludges and biosolids , 2007, Journal of applied microbiology.

[28]  Doulaye Koné,et al.  Recovery of biosolids from constructed wetlands used for faecal sludge dewatering in tropical regions. , 2009, Environmental science & technology.

[29]  S. Khuder,et al.  Prevalence of infectious diseases and associated symptoms in wastewater treatment workers. , 1998, American journal of industrial medicine.

[31]  Sandy Cairncross,et al.  Effect of city-wide sanitation programme on reduction in rate of childhood diarrhoea in northeast Brazil: assessment by two cohort studies , 2007, The Lancet.

[32]  A. Nicol,et al.  Need for vaccination of sewer workers against leptospirosis and hepatitis A , 1996, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[33]  A. Falkland.  Hydrology and water resources of small islands: a practical guide. , 1991 .

[34]  G. Bitton,et al.  Bacterial survival and association with sludge flocs during aerobic and anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludge under laboratory conditions , 1983, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[35]  A. Pacey.  Sanitation in developing countries , 1978 .

[36]  S. Cousens,et al.  Impact of fly control on childhood diarrhoea in Pakistan: community-randomised trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[37]  S. Kanwar,et al.  Temperature profiles of biogas plants operating under hilly conditions , 1989 .

[38]  T. Stenström,et al.  Quantification of the health risk associated with wastewater reuse in Accra, Ghana: a contribution toward local guidelines. , 2008, Journal of water and health.

[39]  R. Carr.  Excreta-related infections and the role of sanitation in the control of transmission , 2001 .

[40]  Håkan Jönsson,et al.  Practical Guidance on the Use of Urine in Crop Production , 2010 .

[41]  R. Seidu,et al.  Long-term hygienic barrier efficiency of a compact on-site wastewater treatment system. , 2009, Journal of environmental quality.

[42]  D. Ranade,et al.  Inactivation of Vibrio cholerae during anaerobic digestion of human night soil , 2000 .

[43]  B. Porter,et al.  An outbreak of shigellosis in an ultra-orthodox Jewish community. , 1984, Social science & medicine.

[44]  Tze Wai Wong,et al.  Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[45]  M. Sobsey,et al.  Microbial indicator removal in onsite constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in the southeastern U.S. , 2001, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[46]  D. Trout,et al.  Evaluation of occupational transmission of hepatitis A virus among wastewater workers. , 2000, Journal of occupational and environmental medicine.

[47]  E. Cifuentes.  The epidemiology of enteric infections in agricultural communities exposed to wastewater irrigation: Perspectives for risk control , 1998 .

[48]  B. Lévesque,et al.  Need for vaccination of sewer workers against leptospirosis and hepatitis A. , 1995, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[49]  A. Morag,et al.  Antibodies to polioviruses in an Israeli population and Overseas volunteers , 1990, Journal of medical virology.

[50]  J. Azurin,et al.  Field evaluation of environmental sanitation measures against cholera. , 1974, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[51]  P. Morgan.  The pit latrine--revived. , 1977, The Central African journal of medicine.

[52]  G. Ruiz-Palacios,et al.  The risk of enteric infections associated with wastewater reuse: the effect of season and degree of storage of wastewater. , 2001, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[53]  U. Blumenthal,et al.  Use of human wastes in agriculture and aquaculture: utilization practices and health perspectives. , 1990 .

[54]  John Elmerdahl Olsen,et al.  Bacterial decimation times in anaerobic digestions of animal slurries , 1987 .

[55]  R. Izurieta,et al.  Association between intestinal parasitic infections and type of sanitation system in rural El Salvador , 2006, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[56]  Razak Seidu,et al.  Quantitative microbial risk assessment of wastewater and faecal sludge reuse in Ghana , 2008 .

[57]  F. Konradsen,et al.  Role of wastewater irrigation in mosquito breeding in south Punjab, Pakistan. , 2003, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[58]  G. Wells,et al.  Rotavirus survival on human hands and transfer of infectious virus to animate and nonporous inanimate surfaces , 1988, Journal of clinical microbiology.

[59]  M. S. Chang,et al.  A small scale field trial with expanded polystyrene beads for mosquito control in septic tanks. , 1995, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[60]  K. E. Foster,et al.  Fate of indicator microorganisms, Giardia and Cryptosporidium in subsurface flow constructed wetlands. , 2001, Water research.

[61]  M. Levine,et al.  Houseflies (Musca domestica) as mechanical vectors of shigellosis. , 1991, Reviews of infectious diseases.

[62]  J. Vena,et al.  Retrospective cohort mortality study of cancer among sewage plant workers. , 1991, American journal of industrial medicine.

[63]  A. Shaban.  Bacteriological Evaluation of Composting Systems in Sludge Treatment , 1999 .

[64]  M. Tanner,et al.  Cholera outbreak in southern Tanzania: risk factors and patterns of transmission. , 2001, Emerging infectious diseases.

[65]  O. Cofie,et al.  The use of human waste for peri-urban agriculture in Northern Ghana , 2005, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems.

[66]  Asit K. Biswas,et al.  Water Management in Islam , 2001 .

[67]  T. Westrell,et al.  Microbial risk assessment and its implications for risk management in urban water systems , 2004 .

[68]  R. Sack,et al.  Rotavirus diarrhoea in Apache children: a case-control study. , 1990, International journal of epidemiology.

[69]  Duncan Mara,et al.  Design manual for waste stabilization ponds in India , 2003 .

[70]  Gerard J. Tortora,et al.  Microbiology An Introduction , 1983 .

[71]  R Rylander,et al.  Work related symptoms among sewage workers. , 1983, British journal of industrial medicine.

[72]  N J Ashbolt,et al.  Effluent quality from 200 on-site sewage systems: design values for guidelines. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[73]  Yutaka Matsuno,et al.  147. Assessment of the Use of Wastewater for Irrigation: A Case in Punjab, Pakistan , 2004 .

[74]  E. Fogarty,et al.  Effect of aerobic and anaerobic digestion on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Ascaris suum eggs , 2003, International journal of environmental health research.

[75]  G. Athayde,et al.  Implications for physical design: The effect of depth on the performance of waste stabilization ponds. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[76]  Huw Smith,et al.  Occurrence and removal of Ascaris sp.ova by waste stabilisation ponds in Kenya , 1995 .

[77]  J. Cilek,et al.  EFFICACY OF DIFLUBENZURON, A CHITIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR, AGAINST CULEX PIPIENS LARVAE IN SEPTIC TANK WATER1 , 2006, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association.

[78]  A. Kollmuss,et al.  Mind the Gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? , 2002 .

[79]  H. Ulrich,et al.  Microbiological investigations for sanitary assessment of wastewater treated in constructed wetlands. , 2005, Water research.

[80]  J. Parr,et al.  Occurrence of Aspergillus fumigatus during composting of sewage sludge , 1977, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[81]  Jakob Ottosson,et al.  Hygiene Aspects of Greywater and Greywater Reuse , 2003 .

[82]  K. Goh,et al.  Prevalence of hepatitis A virus infection among sewage workers in Singapore , 1994, Epidemiology and Infection.

[83]  H. Shuval.  Investigation of Typhoid Fever and Cholera Transmission by Raw Wastewater Irrigation in Santiago, Chile , 1993 .

[84]  T Koottatep,et al.  Treatment of septage in constructed wetlands in tropical climate: lessons learnt from seven years of operation. , 2005, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[85]  Björn Vinnerås,et al.  Identification of the microbiological community in biogas systems and evaluation of microbial risks from gas usage. , 2006, The Science of the total environment.

[86]  S. Cairncross,et al.  Impact of drainage and sewerage on intestinal nematode infections in poor urban areas in Salvador, Brazil. , 2004, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[87]  E. H. Garrett,et al.  Outbreaks Associated with Fresh Produce: Incidence, Growth, and Survival of Pathogens in Fresh and Fresh‐Cut Produce , 2001 .

[88]  Hillel I. Shuval,et al.  Aerosolized Enteric Bacteria and Viruses Generated by Spray Irrigation of Wastewater , 1989 .

[89]  Karsten Arnbjerg-Nielsen,et al.  Microbial risk assessment of local handling and use of human faeces. , 2007, Journal of water and health.

[90]  K L Josephson,et al.  A national study on the residential impact of biological aerosols from the land application of biosolids , 2005, Journal of applied microbiology.

[91]  S. Lindsay,et al.  Effect of fly control on trachoma and diar rhoea , 1999, The Lancet.

[92]  Ingrid L. P. Nyborg,et al.  Cultural preferences in designing ecological sanitation systems in North West Frontier Province, Pakistan , 2006 .

[93]  D. Mara,et al.  Water Quality: Guidelines, Standards and Health , 2003 .

[94]  M. Strauss,et al.  Treating faecal sludges in ponds , 2000 .

[95]  R. Sturrock,et al.  Drawers of Water. Domestic Water Use in East Africa , 1973 .

[96]  S. S. Kanwar,et al.  Fate of bacterial pathogens in cattle dung slurry subjected to anaerobic digestion , 1999 .

[97]  S. Buechler,et al.  Wastewater irrigation in the developing world : Two case studies from the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal , 2007 .

[98]  P. Chyou,et al.  Septic system density and infectious diarrhea in a defined population of children. , 2003, Environmental health perspectives.

[99]  A. Oppliger,et al.  Influence of seasons and sampling strategy on assessment of bioaerosols in sewage treatment plants in Switzerland. , 2005, The Annals of occupational hygiene.

[100]  D. Norbäck,et al.  Self‐Reported Asthma and Respiratory Symptoms in Sewage Workers , 1999 .

[101]  Deogratias M. M. Mulungu,et al.  Constructed wetland at the University of Dar es Salaam , 2000 .

[102]  C. Hayes,et al.  West Nile fever. , 1989 .

[103]  J. Hilden,et al.  Wastewater exposure and health—a comparative study of two occupational groups , 2003, Occupational and environmental medicine.

[104]  O. Cofie,et al.  Irrigated urban vegetable production in Ghana: characteristics, benefits and risks. , 2006 .

[105]  S. Asaolu,et al.  Effect of water supply and sanitation on the prevalence and intensity of Ascaris lumbricoides among pre-school-age children in Ajebandele and Ifewara, Osun State, Nigeria. , 2002, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[106]  R. Lawty,et al.  Waste Stabilization Pond Decommissioning: A Painful but Necessary Decision. , 1995 .

[107]  D. Carlson,et al.  Distribution of mosquitoes in different wastewater stages of secondarily treated domestic effluent and untreated citrus washwater. , 1986, Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association.

[108]  C. Curtis,et al.  Entomological studies of on-site sanitation systems in Botswana and Tanzania. , 1982, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[109]  Christian Zurbrügg,et al.  Helminth eggs inactivation efficiency by faecal sludge dewatering and co-composting in tropical climates. , 2007, Water research.

[110]  D. Sano,et al.  Risk evaluation for pathogenic bacteria and viruses in sewage sludge compost. , 2002, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[111]  Harry A. J. Hoitink,et al.  The Science of Composting , 1998 .

[112]  R Rylander,et al.  Levels of gram-negative bacteria, Aspergillus fumigatus, dust, and endotoxin at compost plants , 1983, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[113]  Razak Seidu,et al.  Disentangling the risk factors and health risks associated with faecal sludge and wastewater reuse in Ghana , 2010 .

[114]  Guy Garrod,et al.  Housing Supply in Ghana: A Study of Accra, Kumasi and Berekum , 1999 .

[115]  P. Morand,et al.  Decrease of enteric micro‐organisms from rural sewage sludge during their composting in straw mixture , 2005, Journal of applied microbiology.

[116]  R. Rylander,et al.  Clinical and immunological findings in workers exposed to sewage dust. , 1978, Journal of Occupational Medicine.

[117]  L. Fracchia,et al.  Site-related airborne biological hazard and seasonal variations in two wastewater treatment plants. , 2006, Water research.

[118]  S. Cairncross,et al.  Effect of washing hands with soap on diarrhoea risk in the community: a systematic review. , 2003, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[119]  M. Isaäcson,et al.  Health aspects of the use of recycled water in Windhoek, SWA/Namibia, 1974-1983. Diarrhoeal diseases and the consumption of reclaimed water. , 1988, South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde.

[120]  J. Charlwood.  The control of Culex quinquefasciatus breeding in septic tanks using expanded polystyrene beads in southern Tanzania. , 1994, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[121]  Caroline Höglund,et al.  Evaluation of microbial health risks associated with the reuse of source-separated humna urine , 2001 .

[122]  C Schönning,et al.  QMRA (quantitative microbial risk assessment) and HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control points) for management of pathogens in wastewater and sewage sludge treatment and reuse. , 2004, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[123]  R. Feachem,et al.  A case-control study of the impact of improved sanitation on diarrhoea morbidity in Lesotho. , 1990, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[124]  P. Jouquet,et al.  High latrine coverage is not reducing the prevalence of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Hoa Binh province, Vietnam. , 2009, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[125]  A. Kroeger,et al.  Soil contamination with Ascaris lumbricoides eggs as an indicator of environmental hygiene in urban areas of north-east Brazil. , 1992, The Journal of tropical medicine and hygiene.

[126]  Thor Axel Stenström,et al.  Evaluation of faecal contamination and microbial die-off in urine separating sewage systems , 1998 .

[127]  M. C. Molina,et al.  The impact of improvement of water supply and sanitation facilities on diarrhea and intestinal parasites: a Brazilian experience with children in two low-income urban communities. , 1989, Revista de saude publica.

[128]  C. Curtis,et al.  Control of Bancroftian filariasis by integrating therapy with vector control using polystyrene beads in wet pit latrines. , 1990, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[129]  C Campos,et al.  Removal of bacterial and viral faecal indicator organisms in a waste stabilization pond system in Choconta, Cundinamarca (Colombia). , 2002, Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research.

[130]  David L. Wilson,et al.  Surveillance for waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with drinking water and water not intended for drinking--United States, 2003-2004. , 2006, Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Surveillance summaries.

[131]  B. Fattal,et al.  Wastewater reuse and exposure to Legionella organisms , 1985 .

[132]  H I Shuval,et al.  Risk of communicable disease infection associated with wastewater irrigation in agricultural settlements. , 1976, Science.

[133]  Richard Franceys,et al.  Guide to the Development of On-site Sanitation , 1992 .

[134]  J. Pinera,et al.  Cost effectiveness of a latrine revision programme in Kabul, Afghanistan. , 2004, Bulletin of the World Health Organization.

[135]  S. Cousens,et al.  Potties, pits and pipes: explaining hygiene behaviour in Burkina Faso. , 1995, Social science & medicine.

[136]  Hillel I. Shuval,et al.  Integrated resource recovery : wastewater irrigation in developing countries - health effects and technical solutions , 1986 .

[137]  Yingkuan Wang.  Agricultural Engineering International : the CIGR Ejournal , 1999 .

[138]  D. Bundy,et al.  Multiple helminth infections in children: impact and control , 2001, Parasitology.

[139]  S. Cairncross,et al.  Impact of drainage and sewerage on diarrhoea in poor urban areas in Salvador, Brazil. , 2003, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[140]  S. Bloomfield,et al.  Survival of Salmonella in bathrooms and toilets in domestic homes following salmonellosis , 2000, Journal of applied microbiology.

[141]  Carlson Db,et al.  Mosquito production and hydrological capacity of southeast Florida impoundments used for wastewater retention. , 1987 .

[142]  Manfred S. Green,et al.  Reduction of transmission of shigellosis by control of houseflies (Musca domestica) , 1991, The Lancet.

[143]  T. Takasaki.  [West Nile fever]. , 2005, Nihon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine.

[144]  Gagandeep Kang,et al.  Water handling, sanitation and defecation practices in rural southern India: a knowledge, attitudes and practices study. , 2007, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.

[145]  A. Almedom,et al.  Recent developments in hygiene behaviour research: an emphasis on methods and meaning , 1996, Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH.

[146]  S. Cairncross,et al.  A hierarchical model for studying risk factors for childhood diarrhoea: a case-control study in a middle-income country. , 2008, International journal of epidemiology.

[147]  R. Clarke,et al.  The Atlas of Water , 2004 .

[148]  Peter Morgan,et al.  Toilets That Make Compost: Low-Cost, Sanitary Toilets That Produce Valuable Compost for Crops in an African Context , 2008 .

[149]  Jennifer McConville,et al.  Pathways for Sustainable Sanitation: Achieving the Millennium Development Goals , 2008 .

[150]  C. Gerba,et al.  Health aspects of groundwater pollution. , 1994 .

[151]  Marylynn V. Yates,et al.  Modeling microbial fate in the subsurface environment , 1988 .

[152]  F. Roudot-thoraval,et al.  Seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus infection among sewage workers in the Parisian area, France , 1996, European Journal of Epidemiology.

[153]  D. Mara,et al.  Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater and Excreta in Agriculture and Aquaculture: Measures for Public Health Protection , 1989 .

[154]  James Blake.  Overcoming the ‘value‐action gap’ in environmental policy: Tensions between national policy and local experience , 1999 .