Motion in radiotherapy: particle therapy

Charged particle beam radiotherapy requires dedicated measures to compensate for the dosimetric influence of inter- and intra-fractional target motion. Independent of the delivery technique, these measures have to incorporate the strong influence of the radiological depth on the delivered dose. For scanned beam delivery, interference effects of target motion and scanned beam can further cause under-dosage of the clinical target volume despite using margins. Within the scope of this review, published data with respect to motion management in scattered as well as scanned beam treatment delivery will be summarized. Based on a section covering the dosimetric impact of organ motion, motion management during treatment planning, patient positioning, treatment delivery and treatment validation will be summarized. For scattered beam delivery, the concepts and data are often based on clinical usage since treatment of moving tumors has been performed for several years. In the field of scanned beam delivery, the report focuses on the results of research on countermeasures of the interference effect. Clinical application of these techniques can be expected in the near future.

[1]  A. Trofimov,et al.  Interfractional variations in the setup of pelvic bony anatomy and soft tissue, and their implications on the delivery of proton therapy for localized prostate cancer. , 2011, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[2]  T. Hashimoto,et al.  Repeated proton beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma. , 2005, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[3]  Achim Schweikard,et al.  Respiration tracking in radiosurgery. , 2004, Medical physics.

[4]  M Goitein,et al.  Compensating for heterogeneities in proton radiation therapy. , 1984, Physics in medicine and biology.

[5]  Oliver Jäkel,et al.  The influence of metal artefacts on the range of ion beams , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[6]  Shinji Sugahara,et al.  Proton beam therapy for patients with medically inoperable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer at the university of tsukuba. , 2010, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[7]  Joao Seco,et al.  Motion management with phase-adapted 4D-optimization , 2010, Physics in medicine and biology.

[8]  Daniel Richter,et al.  Special report: Workshop on 4D-treatment planning in actively scanned particle therapy-Recommendations, technical challenges, and future research directions. , 2010, Medical physics.

[9]  T. Haberer,et al.  Die Konzeption der Heidelberger Ionentherapieanlage HICAT , 2004 .

[10]  George Starkschall,et al.  Evaluation of internal lung motion for respiratory-gated radiotherapy using MRI: Part II-margin reduction of internal target volume. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[11]  Marco Durante,et al.  Charged particles in radiation oncology , 2010, Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology.

[12]  M. V. van Herk,et al.  Prostate gland motion assessed with cine-magnetic resonance imaging (cine-MRI). , 2005, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[13]  Thomas Bortfeld,et al.  Reducing the sensitivity of IMPT treatment plans to setup errors and range uncertainties via probabilistic treatment planning. , 2008, Medical physics.

[14]  Joao Seco,et al.  Breathing interplay effects during proton beam scanning: simulation and statistical analysis , 2009, Physics in medicine and biology.

[15]  Susumu Kandatsu,et al.  Carbon ion radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer. , 2003, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[16]  George Starkschall,et al.  Effects of interfractional motion and anatomic changes on proton therapy dose distribution in lung cancer. , 2008, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[17]  R. K. Münch,et al.  A novel tracking technique for the continuous precise measurement of tumour positions in conformal radiotherapy. , 2000, Physics in medicine and biology.

[18]  E. Larsen,et al.  A method for incorporating organ motion due to breathing into 3D dose calculations. , 1999, Medical physics.

[19]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  Temporo-spatial IMRT optimization: concepts, implementation and initial results , 2005, Physics in medicine and biology.

[20]  D. Schardt,et al.  Magnetic scanning system for heavy ion therapy , 1993 .

[21]  S van de Water,et al.  Tumour tracking with scanned proton beams: assessing the accuracy and practicalities , 2009, Physics in medicine and biology.

[22]  Eike Rietzel,et al.  Four-dimensional proton treatment planning for lung tumors. , 2006, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[23]  Christoph Bert,et al.  Respiratory motion management in particle therapy. , 2010, Medical physics.

[24]  H. Tsujii,et al.  Carbon ion radiation therapy for primary renal cell carcinoma: initial clinical experience. , 2008, International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics.

[25]  Yuta Shibamoto,et al.  High‐dose proton therapy and carbon‐ion therapy for stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer , 2010, Cancer.

[26]  K. Brock,et al.  Feasibility of a novel deformable image registration technique to facilitate classification, targeting, and monitoring of tumor and normal tissue. , 2006, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[27]  Sonja Dieterich,et al.  Comparative performance of linear and nonlinear neural networks to predict irregular breathing , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[28]  Joe Y. Chang,et al.  Improving radiation conformality in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. , 2010, Seminars in radiation oncology.

[29]  Akira Noda,et al.  Slow beam extraction by a transverse RF field with AM and FM , 1996 .

[30]  George Starkschall,et al.  Assessment of gross tumor volume regression and motion changes during radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer as measured by four-dimensional computed tomography. , 2007, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[31]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  Effects of motion on the total dose distribution. , 2004, Seminars in radiation oncology.

[32]  4D calculation and biological dosimetry of the RBE-weighted dose for scanned carbon ion beam therapy , 2009 .

[33]  A J Lomax,et al.  Intensity modulated proton therapy and its sensitivity to treatment uncertainties 2: the potential effects of inter-fraction and inter-field motions , 2008, Physics in medicine and biology.

[34]  G J Kutcher,et al.  Deep inspiration breath-hold technique for lung tumors: the potential value of target immobilization and reduced lung density in dose escalation. , 1999, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[35]  Joe Y. Chang,et al.  Adaptive Radiation for Lung Cancer , 2010, Journal of oncology.

[36]  Keiichi Nakagawa,et al.  The development and clinical use of a beam ON-LINE PET system mounted on a rotating gantry port in proton therapy. , 2008, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[37]  Marco Durante,et al.  Ion-optical studies for a range adaptation method in ion beam therapy using a static wedge degrader combined with magnetic beam deflection , 2010, Physics in medicine and biology.

[38]  D. Yan,et al.  Computed tomography guided management of interfractional patient variation. , 2005, Seminars in radiation oncology.

[39]  K. Sugimura,et al.  Acute morbidity of proton therapy for prostate cancer: the Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center experience. , 2007, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[40]  Joe Y. Chang,et al.  Validation of an accelerated ‘demons’ algorithm for deformable image registration in radiation therapy , 2005, Physics in medicine and biology.

[41]  E. B. Butler,et al.  Is there a role for endorectal balloons in prostate radiotherapy? A systematic review. , 2010, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[42]  X Allen Li,et al.  Technical and dosimetric aspects of respiratory gating using a pressure-sensor motion monitoring system. , 2005, Medical physics.

[43]  Xiaodong Wu,et al.  Treatment of Early Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Stage IA, by Image-Guided Robotic Stereotactic Radioablation—CyberKnife , 2007, Cancer journal.

[44]  Christoph Bert,et al.  Simulations to design an online motion compensation system for scanned particle beams , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[45]  Marco Durante,et al.  Dosimetric precision of an ion beam tracking system , 2010, Radiation oncology.

[46]  Patrick A Kupelian,et al.  Observations on real-time prostate gland motion using electromagnetic tracking. , 2008, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[47]  David Sarrut,et al.  Deformable registration for image-guided radiation therapy. , 2006, Zeitschrift fur medizinische Physik.

[48]  Tatsuaki Kanai,et al.  Hypofractionated radiotherapy with carbon ion beams for prostate cancer. , 2005, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[49]  Shinji Sato,et al.  Design study of a raster scanning system for moving target irradiation in heavy-ion radiotherapy. , 2007, Medical physics.

[50]  E. Pedroni,et al.  The 200-MeV proton therapy project at the Paul Scherrer Institute: conceptual design and practical realization. , 1995, Medical physics.

[51]  Steve B Jiang,et al.  A respiratory-gated treatment system for proton therapy. , 2007 .

[52]  Marco Durante,et al.  Speed and accuracy of a beam tracking system for treatment of moving targets with scanned ion beams , 2009, Physics in medicine and biology.

[53]  P Poulet,et al.  Oxygen consumption through metabolism and photodynamic reactions in cells cultured on microbeads. , 2000, Physics in medicine and biology.

[54]  Angelika Hoess,et al.  Stereotactic single-dose radiotherapy of stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). , 2003, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[55]  H Shirato,et al.  Detection of lung tumor movement in real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy. , 2001, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[56]  P. Evans,et al.  Speckle tracking in a phantom and feature-based tracking in liver in the presence of respiratory motion using 4D ultrasound , 2010, Physics in medicine and biology.

[57]  Wei Lu,et al.  4D-CT motion estimation using deformable image registration and 5D respiratory motion modeling. , 2008, Medical physics.

[58]  Mathieu De Craene,et al.  Tumour delineation and cumulative dose computation in radiotherapy based on deformable registration of respiratory correlated CT images of lung cancer patients. , 2007, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[59]  Suresh Senan,et al.  Use of maximum intensity projections (MIP) for target volume generation in 4DCT scans for lung cancer. , 2005, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[60]  Thomas Haberer,et al.  3D online compensation of target motion with scanned particle beam. , 2004, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[61]  John T. Wei,et al.  Target localization and real-time tracking using the Calypso 4D localization system in patients with localized prostate cancer. , 2006, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[62]  H. Satoh,et al.  Clinical evaluation of proton radiotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer. , 2003, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[63]  Hiroki Shirato,et al.  Feasibility of synchronization of real-time tumor-tracking radiotherapy and intensity-modulated radiotherapy from viewpoint of excessive dose from fluoroscopy. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[64]  Christoph Bert,et al.  4D treatment planning for scanned ion beams , 2007, Radiation oncology.

[65]  M. V. van Herk,et al.  Respiratory correlated cone beam CT. , 2005, Medical physics.

[66]  T Mizowaki,et al.  The effectiveness of an immobilization device in conformal radiotherapy for lung tumor: reduction of respiratory tumor movement and evaluation of the daily setup accuracy. , 2001, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[67]  Jan-Jakob Sonke,et al.  Variability of four-dimensional computed tomography patient models. , 2008, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[68]  Hanne M Kooy,et al.  Target volume dose considerations in proton beam treatment planning for lung tumors. , 2005, Medical physics.

[69]  J. McClelland,et al.  Assessment of two novel ventilatory surrogates for use in the delivery of gated/tracked radiotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. , 2009, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[70]  Icru.  Prescribing, recording, and reporting photon beam therapy , 1993 .

[71]  K. Ohara,et al.  Irradiation synchronized with respiration gate. , 1989, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[72]  Koichi Yamazaki,et al.  Feasibility of insertion/implantation of 2.0-mm-diameter gold internal fiducial markers for precise setup and real-time tumor tracking in radiotherapy. , 2003, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[73]  M. Phillips,et al.  Effects of respiratory motion on dose uniformity with a charged particle scanning method. , 1992, Physics in medicine and biology.

[74]  George T. Y. Chen,et al.  A phantom evaluation of a stereo-vision surface imaging system for radiotherapy patient setup. , 2005, Medical physics.

[75]  D. Hill,et al.  Medical image registration , 2001, Physics in medicine and biology.

[76]  David A Jaffray,et al.  Online ultrasound image guidance for radiotherapy of prostate cancer: impact of image acquisition on prostate displacement. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[77]  U Oelfke,et al.  Worst case optimization: a method to account for uncertainties in the optimization of intensity modulated proton therapy , 2008, Physics in medicine and biology.

[78]  I. Zuna,et al.  Evaluation of therapeutic potential of heavy ion therapy for patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[79]  R. Mohan,et al.  Motion adaptive x-ray therapy: a feasibility study , 2001, Physics in medicine and biology.

[80]  K. Kagei,et al.  Proton Beam Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Retrospective Review of 162 Patients , 2005, Clinical Cancer Research.

[81]  T. Nakano,et al.  Dose escalation study of carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced carcinoma of the uterine cervix. , 2006, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[82]  Fred L. Bookstein,et al.  Principal Warps: Thin-Plate Splines and the Decomposition of Deformations , 1989, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[83]  George Starkschall,et al.  Comparison of rigid and adaptive methods of propagating gross tumor volume through respiratory phases of four-dimensional computed tomography image data set. , 2008, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[84]  Shinichiro Mori,et al.  Quantification and visualization of charged particle range variations. , 2008, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[85]  R. Mohan,et al.  Monte Carlo simulations of the dosimetric impact of radiopaque fiducial markers for proton radiotherapy of the prostate , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[86]  Daniel W. Miller,et al.  Hypofractionated proton beam radiotherapy for stage I lung cancer. , 2004, Chest.

[87]  Jan-Jakob Sonke,et al.  Comparison of different strategies to use four-dimensional computed tomography in treatment planning for lung cancer patients. , 2008, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[88]  Martin J Murphy,et al.  Tracking moving organs in real time. , 2004, Seminars in radiation oncology.

[89]  Christoph Bert,et al.  Quantification of interplay effects of scanned particle beams and moving targets , 2008, Physics in medicine and biology.

[90]  J T Booth,et al.  Set-up error & organ motion uncertainty: a review. , 1999, Australasian physical & engineering sciences in medicine.

[91]  L G Bouchet,et al.  Calibration of three-dimensional ultrasound images for image-guided radiation therapy. , 2001, Physics in medicine and biology.

[92]  T E Schultheiss,et al.  A comparison of daily CT localization to a daily ultrasound-based system in prostate cancer. , 1999, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[93]  C. Ling,et al.  Respiration-correlated spiral CT: a method of measuring respiratory-induced anatomic motion for radiation treatment planning. , 2002, Medical physics.

[94]  H. Kubo,et al.  Respiration gated radiotherapy treatment: a technical study. , 1996, Physics in medicine and biology.

[95]  Zuofeng Li,et al.  Early outcomes from three prospective trials of image-guided proton therapy for prostate cancer. , 2012, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[96]  Lei Dong,et al.  Experience of ultrasound-based daily prostate localization. , 2003, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[97]  P Boesiger,et al.  4D MR imaging of respiratory organ motion and its variability , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[98]  M. V. van Herk,et al.  Physical aspects of a real-time tumor-tracking system for gated radiotherapy. , 2000, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[99]  J. Lambert,et al.  Intrafractional motion during proton beam scanning , 2005, Physics in medicine and biology.

[100]  O. Jäkel.  Ranges of ions in metals for use in particle treatment planning , 2006, Physics in medicine and biology.

[101]  H. Tsujii,et al.  ICRU Report No. 78, Prescribing, recording, and reporting proton-beam therapy. , 2007 .

[102]  Radhe Mohan,et al.  Four-dimensional radiotherapy planning for DMLC-based respiratory motion tracking. , 2005, Medical physics.

[103]  Christoph Bert,et al.  Gated irradiation with scanned particle beams. , 2009, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[104]  J. Wong,et al.  The use of active breathing control (ABC) to reduce margin for breathing motion. , 1999, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[105]  Radhe Mohan,et al.  The M. D. Anderson proton therapy system. , 2009, Medical physics.

[106]  P. Evans.  Anatomical imaging for radiotherapy , 2008, Physics in medicine and biology.

[107]  Daniel W. Miller,et al.  Comparison of conventional-dose vs high-dose conformal radiation therapy in clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a randomized controlled trial. , 2005, JAMA.

[108]  K. Brock.  Results of a multi-institution deformable registration accuracy study (MIDRAS). , 2010, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[109]  C. Maurer,et al.  The CyberKnife® Robotic Radiosurgery System in 2010 , 2010, Technology in cancer research & treatment.

[110]  Eike Rietzel,et al.  Deformable registration of 4D computed tomography data. , 2006, Medical physics.

[111]  Tinsu Pan,et al.  Four-dimensional computed tomography: image formation and clinical protocol. , 2005, Medical physics.

[112]  Jan-Jakob Sonke,et al.  Adaptive radiotherapy for lung cancer. , 2010, Seminars in radiation oncology.

[113]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  Multiple template-based fluoroscopic tracking of lung tumor mass without implanted fiducial markers , 2007, Physics in medicine and biology.

[114]  H. Tsujii,et al.  Local control and recurrence of stage I non-small cell lung cancer after carbon ion radiotherapy. , 2004, Radiotherapy and oncology : journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology.

[115]  M Scholz,et al.  Treatment planning for heavy-ion radiotherapy: calculation and optimization of biologically effective dose. , 2000, Physics in medicine and biology.

[116]  G. Ferrigno,et al.  Implementation and application of real-time motion analysis based on passive markers , 1998, Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing.

[117]  S Minohara,et al.  Respiratory gated irradiation system for heavy-ion radiotherapy. , 2000, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[118]  M. Hoogeman,et al.  Clinical accuracy of the respiratory tumor tracking system of the cyberknife: assessment by analysis of log files. , 2009, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[120]  Shinichiro Mori,et al.  Effects of intrafractional motion on water equivalent pathlength in respiratory-gated heavy charged particle beam radiotherapy. , 2007, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[121]  A Gemmel,et al.  Biological dose optimization with multiple ion fields , 2008, Physics in medicine and biology.

[122]  R. Jeraj,et al.  Treatment plan optimization incorporating respiratory motion. , 2004, Medical physics.

[123]  A Schweikard,et al.  Respiration tracking in radiosurgery without fiducials , 2005, The international journal of medical robotics + computer assisted surgery : MRCAS.

[124]  J. Adler,et al.  Robotic motion compensation for respiratory movement during radiosurgery. , 2000, Computer aided surgery : official journal of the International Society for Computer Aided Surgery.

[125]  Steve B. Jiang,et al.  Internal-external correlation investigations of respiratory induced motion of lung tumors. , 2007, Medical physics.

[126]  Huanmei Wu,et al.  A state-based probabilistic model for tumor respiratory motion prediction , 2010, Physics in medicine and biology.

[127]  J. Fowler,et al.  CyberKnife radiosurgery for stage I lung cancer: results at 36 months. , 2007, Clinical lung cancer.

[128]  O Jäkel,et al.  Treatment planning for heavy-ion radiotherapy: physical beam model and dose optimization. , 2000, Physics in medicine and biology.

[129]  R Mohan,et al.  Predicting respiratory motion for four-dimensional radiotherapy. , 2004, Medical physics.

[130]  M. Kessler.  Image registration and data fusion in radiation therapy. , 2006, The British journal of radiology.

[131]  K. Lam,et al.  Improvement of CT-based treatment-planning models of abdominal targets using static exhale imaging. , 1998, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[132]  Jean-Philippe Thirion,et al.  Image matching as a diffusion process: an analogy with Maxwell's demons , 1998, Medical Image Anal..

[133]  J. Archambeau,et al.  Visualization and Transport of Positron Emission from Proton Activation in vivo , 1978, Science.

[134]  A. Lomax,et al.  Intensity modulation methods for proton radiotherapy. , 1999, Physics in medicine and biology.

[135]  K. Langen,et al.  Organ motion and its management. , 2001, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[136]  Daniel W. Miller,et al.  Methodologies and tools for proton beam design for lung tumors. , 2001, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[137]  A. Trofimov,et al.  4D Monte Carlo simulation of proton beam scanning: modelling of variations in time and space to study the interplay between scanning pattern and time-dependent patient geometry , 2005, Physics in medicine and biology.

[138]  P. Keall.  4-dimensional computed tomography imaging and treatment planning. , 2004, Seminars in radiation oncology.

[139]  T. Obata,et al.  Results of the first prospective study of carbon ion radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma with liver cirrhosis. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[140]  Four-dimensional imaging and treatment planning of moving targets. , 2007, Frontiers of radiation therapy and oncology.

[141]  B. A. Ludewigt,et al.  Instrumentation for Treatment of Cancer Using Proton and Light-Ion Beams , 1993 .

[142]  George Starkschall,et al.  Assessing respiration-induced tumor motion and internal target volume using four-dimensional computed tomography for radiotherapy of lung cancer. , 2007, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[143]  K. Nihei,et al.  Phase II feasibility study of high-dose radiotherapy for prostate cancer using proton boost therapy: first clinical trial of proton beam therapy for prostate cancer in Japan. , 2005, Japanese journal of clinical oncology.

[144]  Reinhard W. Schulte,et al.  Conformal proton therapy for prostate carcinoma. , 1998, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[145]  Christoph Bert,et al.  Target motion tracking with a scanned particle beam. , 2007, Medical physics.

[146]  Gábor Székely,et al.  Systematic errors in respiratory gating due to intrafraction deformations of the liver. , 2007, Medical physics.

[147]  D Meer,et al.  A study on repainting strategies for treating moderately moving targets with proton pencil beam scanning at the new Gantry 2 at PSI , 2010, Physics in medicine and biology.

[148]  M J Murphy,et al.  The Cyberknife: a frameless robotic system for radiosurgery. , 1997, Stereotactic and functional neurosurgery.

[149]  Katia Parodi,et al.  Charged hadron tumour therapy monitoring by means of PET , 2004 .

[150]  Alexei Kouznetsov,et al.  Development and evaluation of an ultrasound-guided tracking and gating system for hepatic radiotherapy. , 2009, Medical physics.

[151]  George T. Y. Chen,et al.  Four-dimensional image-based treatment planning: Target volume segmentation and dose calculation in the presence of respiratory motion. , 2005, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[152]  E. Pedroni,et al.  Relative biologic effectiveness determination in mouse intestine for scanning proton beam at Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland. Influence of motion. , 2005, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[153]  T. Guerrero,et al.  Acquiring 4D thoracic CT scans using a multislice helical method. , 2004, Physics in medicine and biology.

[154]  J. Jaldén,et al.  On using an adaptive neural network to predict lung tumor motion during respiration for radiotherapy applications. , 2005, Medical physics.

[155]  C. J. Ritchie,et al.  Predictive respiratory gating: a new method to reduce motion artifacts on CT scans. , 1994, Radiology.

[156]  Hans-Peter Meinzer,et al.  Influence of different breathing maneuvers on internal and external organ motion: use of fiducial markers in dynamic MRI. , 2005, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[157]  K. Hiramoto,et al.  Resonant beam extraction scheme with constant separatrix , 1992 .

[158]  Peter Balter,et al.  Efficiency of respiratory-gated delivery of synchrotron-based pulsed proton irradiation. , 2008, Physics in medicine and biology.

[159]  H. Kooy,et al.  Proton beam therapy , 2005, British Journal of Cancer.

[160]  G. Christensen,et al.  A method for the reconstruction of four-dimensional synchronized CT scans acquired during free breathing. , 2003, Medical physics.

[161]  Shinichiro Mori,et al.  Quantitative assessment of range fluctuations in charged particle lung irradiation. , 2008, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[162]  John Wong,et al.  Accuracy of a wireless localization system for radiotherapy. , 2005, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[163]  M. Durante,et al.  On-line compensation of dose changes introduced by tumor motion during scanned particle therapy , 2009 .

[164]  Marco Riboldi,et al.  Targeting Accuracy in Real-time Tumor Tracking via External Surrogates: A Comparative Study , 2010, Technology in cancer research & treatment.

[165]  Harald Paganetti,et al.  Monte Carlo simulations with time-dependent geometries to investigate effects of organ motion with high temporal resolution. , 2004, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[166]  Katia Parodi,et al.  4D in-beam positron emission tomography for verification of motion-compensated ion beam therapy. , 2009, Medical physics.

[167]  Shinji Sato,et al.  Moving target irradiation with fast rescanning and gating in particle therapy. , 2010, Medical physics.

[168]  H. Tsujii,et al.  Curative treatment of Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer with carbon ion beams using a hypofractionated regimen. , 2007, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[169]  K. Nihei,et al.  High-dose proton beam therapy for Stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. , 2006, International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics.

[170]  Christoph Bert,et al.  Motion compensation with a scanned ion beam: a technical feasibility study , 2008, Radiation oncology.

[171]  Kenneth E Rosenzweig,et al.  Reduction of respiratory motion artifacts in PET imaging of lung cancer by respiratory correlated dynamic PET: methodology and comparison with respiratory gated PET. , 2003, Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine.