Best practice in the measurement of body temperature.

In the last two decades, there has been a significant change in the technology of clinical thermometry. Mercury-in-glass thermometers have been replaced with electronic devices that offer faster readings with minimal inconvenience to the patient. Each user should be aware of the characteristics and limitations of these devices to interpret correctly the temperature reading on the display. The article provides an insight into commonly used clinical thermometers, how they determine each temperature reading and, crucially, how users affect the measurement process.

[1]  T. Reilly,et al.  A comparison of the suitabilities of rectal, gut, and insulated axilla temperatures for measurement of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in field studies , 2002, Chronobiology international.

[2]  E. Ring,et al.  The historical development of thermometry and thermal imaging in medicine , 2006, Journal of medical engineering & technology.

[3]  P. Fulbrook Core temperature measurement: a comparison of rectal, axillary and pulmonary artery blood temperature. , 1993, Intensive & critical care nursing.

[4]  M. Palkovits,et al.  Evidence that peripheral rather than intracranial thermal signals induce thermoregulation , 2005, Neuroscience.

[5]  J. Chamberlain,et al.  Determination of normal ear temperature with an infrared emission detection thermometer. , 1995, Annals of emergency medicine.

[6]  H. Daanen,et al.  Reliability of an infrared forehead skin thermometer for core temperature measurements , 2006, Journal of medical engineering & technology.

[7]  P. Woodrow,et al.  Comparing no-touch and tympanic thermometer temperature recordings. , 2006, British journal of nursing.

[8]  P. Mackowiak,et al.  A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich. , 1992, JAMA.

[9]  P. Williamson,et al.  In a systematic review, infrared ear thermometry for fever diagnosis in children finds poor sensitivity. , 2006, Journal of clinical epidemiology.

[10]  Matthias Bock,et al.  The accuracy of a new infrared ear thermometer in patients undergoing cardiac surgery , 2005, Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie.

[11]  T Reilly,et al.  A comparison of circadian rhythms in work performance between physically active and inactive subjects. , 1993, Ergonomics.

[12]  Victoria J. Hays,et al.  Accuracy of different devices to measure temperature. , 2008, Medsurg nursing : official journal of the Academy of Medical-Surgical Nurses.

[13]  L. Forni,et al.  Worthing physiological scoring system: derivation and validation of a physiological early-warning system for medical admissions. An observational, population-based single-centre study. , 2007, British journal of anaesthesia.

[14]  Märtha Sund-Levander,et al.  Normal oral, rectal, tympanic and axillary body temperature in adult men and women: a systematic literature review. , 2002, Scandinavian journal of caring sciences.

[15]  G Machin,et al.  Traceability and calibration in temperature measurement: a clinical necessity , 2006, Journal of medical engineering & technology.

[16]  U. Illievich,et al.  Temporal Artery Versus Bladder Thermometry During Perioperative and Intensive Care Unit Monitoring , 2007, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[17]  P W McCarthy,et al.  The vagaries of ear temperature assessment , 2006, Journal of medical engineering & technology.

[18]  Dan Loyd,et al.  Errors in body temperature assessment related to individual variation, measuring technique and equipment. , 2004, International journal of nursing practice.

[19]  D. Crawford,et al.  Thermometer review: UK market survey 2005 , 2005 .

[20]  J. Pearce,et al.  A brief history of the clinical thermometer. , 2002, QJM : monthly journal of the Association of Physicians.

[21]  D C Crawford,et al.  Which thermometer? Factors influencing best choice for intermittent clinical temperature assessment , 2006, Journal of medical engineering & technology.

[22]  Robert J Oakey,et al.  Physiological observation track and trigger system. , 2006, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[23]  A. Nevill,et al.  TEMPERATURE PROFILES, AND THE EFFECT OF SLEEP ON THEM, IN RELATION TO MORNINGNESS-EVENINGNESS IN HEALTHY FEMALE SUBJECTS , 2001, Chronobiology international.

[24]  A. Rhodes,et al.  Temperature measurement: comparison of non-invasive methods used in adult critical care. , 2005, Journal of clinical nursing.

[25]  R. Erickson Oral Temperature Differences in Relation to Thermometer and Technique , 1980, Nursing research.

[26]  M Carroll An evaluation of temperature measurement. , 2000, Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987).

[27]  G. Kelly,et al.  Body temperature variability (Part 1): a review of the history of body temperature and its variability due to site selection, biological rhythms, fitness, and aging. , 2006, Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic.