Describing the pumping heart as a pressure source.

The pumping heart is described by a new mathematical approach which considers the heart as a pressure source depending on time, volume and flow. This new approach allows a separation between isovolumic (non-ejecting) and ejecting heart properties. The computed results cover most of the features of the human ventricle during normal and altered vascular conditions. It is shown that the time-varying elastance concept is disqualified as an independent description of the heart, it follows from isovolumic heart properties and an ejection effect which consists of positive and negative effects of ventricular blood ejection.

[1]  P. D. de Tombe,et al.  Inotropic effects of ejection are myocardial properties. , 1994, The American journal of physiology.

[2]  H Suga,et al.  Time course of left ventricular pressure-volume relationship under various enddiastolic volume. , 1969, Japanese heart journal.

[3]  H B Boom,et al.  Left Ventricular Internal Resistance and Unloaded Ejection Flow Assessed From Pressure‐Flow Relations: A Flow‐Clamp Study on Isolated Rabbit Hearts , 1987, Circulation research.

[4]  A Noordergraaf,et al.  The left ventricular ejection effect. , 2000, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[5]  W. Hunter,et al.  End‐Systolic Pressure As a Balance Between Opposing Effects of Ejection , 1989, Circulation research.

[6]  James F. Martin,et al.  A new cardiovascular model for real-time applications , 1986 .

[7]  A Noordergraaf,et al.  A perspective on myocardial contractility. , 1997, Technology and health care : official journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine.

[8]  Jerome Eisenfeld,et al.  Mathematical Modeling in Medicine , 1976 .

[9]  K B Campbell,et al.  Validation of optional elastance-resistance left ventricle pump models. , 1986, The American journal of physiology.

[10]  Michael Danielsen,et al.  Modeling of feedback mechanisms which control the heart function in a view to an implementation in cardiovascular models , 1998 .

[11]  A. Noordergraaf,et al.  Positive and negative effects of ventricular ejection , 2000, Proceedings of the IEEE 26th Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference (Cat. No.00CH37114).

[12]  H Suga,et al.  Time course of left ventricular pressure-volume relationship under various extents of aortic occlusion. , 1970, Japanese heart journal.

[13]  John K-J. Li,et al.  Analysis and Assessment of Cardiovascular Function , 1998, Springer New York.

[14]  A Noordergraaf,et al.  Human circulatory system model based on Frank's mechanism. , 2000, Studies in health technology and informatics.

[15]  Homer R. Warner,et al.  The Use of an Analog Computer for Analysis of Control Mechanisms in the Circulation , 1959, Proceedings of the IRE.

[16]  G. Drzewiecki,et al.  Modeling Reversible Mechanical Dysfunction in the Stunned Myocardium , 1998 .

[17]  J W Covell,et al.  Volume-tension diagrams of ejecting and isovolumic contractions in left ventricle. , 1969, The American journal of physiology.

[18]  A. Noordergraaf.  Circulatory System Dynamics , 1978 .

[19]  S. Neumann.  Modeling acute hemorrhage in the human cardiovascular system , 1996 .

[20]  J Ducas,et al.  Effects of reduced resistive afterload on left ventricular pressure-volume relationship. , 1985, The American journal of physiology.

[21]  A. Guyton,et al.  Textbook of Medical Physiology , 1961 .

[22]  Vincent C. Rideout,et al.  Mathematical and Computer Modeling of Physiological Systems , 1991 .

[23]  A. Shoukas,et al.  Load Independence of the Instantaneous Pressure‐Volume Ratio of the Canine Left Ventricle and Effects of Epinephrine and Heart Rate on the Ratio , 1973, Circulation research.

[24]  N. Stergiopulos,et al.  Determinants of stroke volume and systolic and diastolic aortic pressure. , 1996, The American journal of physiology.