A Theoretical Framework on the Link Between Motivation and Innovation in Hackers

The purpose of this paper was to develop a set of theoretical propositions surrounding the link between motivation and innovation. The amount of money spent on research and development in organizations suggests that companies are paying more attention to innovation because it is needed in order for them to gain market advantage and survive. The question that this raises is how to motivate employees to be more innovative. This paper proposes the use of hackers as a basis to understand how innovative solutions are developed. Through doing so, detailed arguments are presented on how varying levels of innovation can be derived from different types of hackers based on the level and type of motivators they possess. Areas for future research are provided, as are practical implications for organizations on how to facilitate develop similar levels of innovation as those of hackers.

[1]  J. George,et al.  Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don't: the role of context and clarity of feelings. , 2002, The Journal of applied psychology.

[2]  B. Nijstad,et al.  The routinization of innovation research: A constructively critical review of the state-of-the-science , 2004 .

[3]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  Assessing the Work Environment for Creativity , 1996 .

[4]  Shelley D. Dionne,et al.  Leading for creativity: The role of unconventional leader behavior , 2003 .

[5]  R. Eisenberger,et al.  Can salient reward increase creative performance without reducing intrinsic creative interest? , 1997, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[6]  Janice R. Kelly,et al.  Effects of time limits and task types on task performance and interaction of four-person groups. , 1985 .

[7]  Tom Mulhall Where have all the hackers gone?: Part 3 - Motivation and deterrence , 1997, Comput. Secur..

[8]  Gisle Hannemyr Technology and Pleasure: Considering Hacking Constructive , 1999, First Monday.

[9]  B. Skinner Is it behaviorism? , 1986, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[10]  J. S. Adams,et al.  TOWARD AN UNDERSTANDING OF INEQUITY. , 1963, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[11]  H. Gough A Creative Personality Scale for the Adjective Check List , 1979 .

[12]  John Van Beveren,et al.  A CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF HACKER DEVELOPMENT AND MOTIVATIONS , 2001 .

[13]  Lixuan Zhang,et al.  Hacking into the Minds of Hackers , 2007, Inf. Syst. Manag..

[14]  GRAY HAT HACKING: MORALLY BLACK AND WHITE , 2004 .

[15]  Edward L. Deci,et al.  Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior , 1975, Perspectives in Social Psychology.

[16]  F. Herzberg,et al.  The motivation to work , 1960 .

[17]  Kerrie L. Unsworth,et al.  Shopfloor innovation: Facilitating the suggestion and implementation of ideas , 2000 .

[18]  M. Frese,et al.  Innovation is not enough: climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance , 2003 .

[19]  Kevin Curran,et al.  Hackers, Hacking, and Eavesdropping , 2008 .

[20]  Gareth R. Jones Socialization Tactics, Self-Efficacy, and Newcomers' Adjustments to Organizations , 1986 .

[21]  Gustavo Manso Motivating Innovation , 2010 .

[22]  Daniel C. Smith,et al.  In Search of the Marketing Imagination: Factors Affecting the Creativity of Marketing Programs for Mature Products: , 1996 .

[23]  J. Stoner A comparison of individual and group decisions involving risk , 1961 .

[24]  V. Vroom Work and motivation , 1964 .

[25]  K. Miller,et al.  Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior , 1975, Perspectives in Social Psychology.

[26]  Richard Barber Hackers Profiled — Who Are They and What Are Their Motivations? , 2001 .

[27]  A. Isen,et al.  The Influence of Positive Affect on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation: Facilitating Enjoyment of Play, Responsible Work Behavior, and Self-Control , 2005 .

[28]  Jing Zhou,et al.  Enhancing Creative Performance: Effects of Expected Developmental Assessment Strategies and Creative Personality , 2001 .

[29]  Joseph A. Paradiso,et al.  User Innovation and Hacking , 2008, IEEE Pervasive Computing.

[30]  Michael G. Pratt,et al.  There's No Place like Home? The Contributions of Work and Nonwork Creativity Support to Employees' Creative Performance , 2002 .

[31]  Manfred Möhrenschlager Hacking: To criminalize or not ? - suggestions for the legislature , 1995, Comput. Secur..

[32]  James L. Farr,et al.  Knowledge Management Processes and Work Group Innovation , 2003 .

[33]  T. Amabile,et al.  The motivation for creativity in children. , 1992 .

[34]  R. Eisenberger,et al.  Detrimental effects of reward. Reality or myth? , 1996, The American psychologist.

[35]  Michael Bachmann The Risk Propensity and Rationality of Computer Hackers , 2010 .

[36]  Karim R. Lakhani,et al.  Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free/Open Source Software Projects , 2003 .

[37]  J. Kaufman,et al.  Social influence and creativity in organizations: A multi-level lens for theory, research, and practice , 2007 .

[38]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  Motivating Creativity in Organizations: On Doing What You Love and Loving What You Do , 1997 .

[39]  Creative performance on anin‐basket exercise , 1999 .

[40]  T. M. Amabile,et al.  Social influences on creativity: the effects of contracted-for reward. , 1986, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[41]  B. Fredrickson What Good Are Positive Emotions? , 1998, Review of general psychology : journal of Division 1, of the American Psychological Association.

[42]  Nora Madjar,et al.  Emotional and informational support from different sources and employee creativity , 2008 .

[43]  C. Shalley,et al.  RESEARCH ON EMPLOYEE CREATIVITY: A CRITICAL REVIEW AND DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH , 2003 .

[44]  Michael Rosenblatt,et al.  The use of innovation awards in the public sector: Individual and organizational perspectives , 2011 .

[45]  F. Barron,et al.  Creativity, Intelligence, and Personality , 1981 .

[46]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  Effects of external evaluation on artistic creativity. , 1979 .

[47]  Adams Js Towards an understanding of inequity , 1963 .

[48]  Saradindu Bhaduri,et al.  Extrinsic and intrinsic motivations to innovate: tracing the motivation of ‘grassroot’ innovators in India , 2011 .

[49]  Todd Dewett,et al.  Linking Intrinsic Motivation, Risk Taking, and Employee Creativity in an R&D Environment , 2007 .

[50]  Pamela Tierney,et al.  Employee Creativity in Taiwan: An Application of Role Identity Theory , 2003 .

[51]  Y. Rim Risk-taking and need for achievement , 1963 .

[52]  John A. Glover,et al.  Risky Shift and Creativity. , 1977 .

[53]  Fiona Patterson,et al.  Great Minds Don't Think Alike? Person‐Level Predictors of Innovation at Work , 2008 .

[54]  E. Paul Torrance,et al.  The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking , 2012 .

[55]  Gregory J. Feist A Meta-Analysis of Personality in Scientific and Artistic Creativity , 1998, Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc.

[56]  T. Jordan,et al.  A Sociology of Hackers , 1998 .

[57]  Wesley M. Cohen,et al.  What Makes Them Tick? Employee Motives and Firm Innovation , 2008, Manag. Sci..

[58]  E. Deci,et al.  Self‐determination theory and work motivation , 2005 .

[59]  Paul A. Taylor,et al.  Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime , 1999 .

[60]  E. Deci,et al.  Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. , 2000, The American psychologist.

[61]  A. Maslow A Theory of Human Motivation , 1943 .

[62]  Olga V. Smyslova,et al.  Flow-Based Model of Computer Hackers' Motivation , 2003, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[63]  Steven Furnell,et al.  Computer hacking and cyber terrorism: the real threats in the new millennium? , 1999, Comput. Secur..

[64]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  Affect and Creativity at Work , 2005 .

[65]  G. R. Oldham,et al.  Employee Creativity: Personal and Contextual Factors at Work , 1996 .

[66]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  Time Pressure and Creativity in Organizations: A Longitudinal Field Study , 2002 .

[67]  E. C. Martins,et al.  Building organisational culture that stimulates creativity and innovation , 2003 .

[68]  Teresa M. Amabile,et al.  A Model of Creativity and Innovation in Organizations , 1988 .

[69]  John P. Meyer,et al.  The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization , 1990 .

[70]  P. Silvia Interest—The Curious Emotion , 2008 .

[71]  G. Spreitzer An empirical test of a comprehensive model of intrapersonal empowerment in the workplace , 1995, American journal of community psychology.

[72]  Yingying Zhang,et al.  Utilitarianism or romanticism: the effect of rewards on employees' innovative behaviour , 2011 .

[73]  N. Bateson Familiarization, group discussion, and risk taking , 1966 .

[74]  Tricia Wang,et al.  Inventive leisure practices: understanding hacking communities as sites of sharing and innovation , 2011, CHI Extended Abstracts.

[75]  E. A. Locke,et al.  A theory of goal setting & task performance , 1990 .

[76]  Adam M. Grant,et al.  Intrinsic and Prosocial Motivations, Perspective Taking, and Creativity , 2011, Encyclopedia of Creativity, Invention, Innovation and Entrepreneurship.

[77]  Cameron M. Ford,et al.  Do rewards benefit the organization? the effects of reward types and the perceptions of diverse R&D professionals , 1999 .

[78]  Alice H. Y. Hon Enhancing employee creativity in the Chinese context: The mediating role of employee self-concordance , 2011 .

[79]  Malcolm Shore,et al.  An Advanced Model of Hacking , 2007 .

[80]  S. Taggar Individual Creativity and Group Ability to Utilize Individual Creative Resources: A Multilevel Model , 2002 .

[81]  J. Harackiewicz The effects of reward contingency and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation. , 1979 .

[82]  A. Isen,et al.  Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. , 1987, Journal of personality and social psychology.

[83]  M. Hammond,et al.  Predictors of individual-level innovation at work: A meta-analysis. , 2011 .

[84]  Charles C. Palmer,et al.  Ethical Hacking , 2019, CEH v10 Certified Ethical Hacker Study Guide.

[85]  J. V. Maanen,et al.  Toward a theory of organizational socialization , 1977 .

[86]  Jin Nam Choi,et al.  Film Awards as Indicators of Cinematic Creativity and Achievement: A Quantitative Comparison of the Oscars and Six Alternatives , 2004 .