The scanning model for translation: an update

The small (40S) subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes is believed to bind initially at the capped 5'-end of messenger RNA and then migrate, stopping at the first AUG codon in a favorable context for initiating translation. The first-AUG rule is not absolute, but there are rules for breaking the rule. Some anomalous observations that seemed to contradict the scanning mechanism now appear to be artifacts. A few genuine anomalies remain unexplained.

[1]  S. Eto,et al.  [Hypercalcemia in malignancy]. , 1991, Nihon Naika Gakkai zasshi. The Journal of the Japanese Society of Internal Medicine.

[2]  G. Thireos,et al.  Evidence that the GCN2 protein kinase regulates reinitiation by yeast ribosomes. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[3]  G. Finocchiaro,et al.  Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of cDNAs encoding the alpha-subunit of human electron transfer flavoprotein. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[4]  L. Ercolani,et al.  Isolation and complete sequence of a functional human glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[5]  M. Maki,et al.  Sequence requirements for nucleolar localization of human T cell leukemia virus type I pX protein, which regulates viral RNA processing , 1988, Cell.

[6]  Roberto Cattaneo,et al.  Biased hypermutation and other genetic changes in defective measles viruses in human brain infections , 1988, Cell.

[7]  A. Cigan,et al.  tRNAi(met) functions in directing the scanning ribosome to the start site of translation. , 1988, Science.

[8]  L. Silver,et al.  A candidate gene family for the mouse t complex responder (Tcr) locus responsible for haploid effects on sperm function , 1988, Cell.

[9]  J. Battey,et al.  The human L-myc gene encodes multiple nuclear phosphoproteins from alternatively processed mRNAs , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[10]  K. Kurachi,et al.  Human genes for complement components C1r and C1s in a close tail-to-tail arrangement. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[11]  J. D. Engel,et al.  Two different mRNAs are transcribed from a single genomic locus encoding the chicken erythrocyte anion transport proteins (band 3) , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[12]  F. Sherman,et al.  Efficiency of translation initiation by non-AUG codons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[13]  J. Leis,et al.  A retroviral RNA secondary structure required for efficient initiation of reverse transcription , 1988, Journal of virology.

[14]  J. Rowley,et al.  Molecular cloning, sequencing, and mapping of EGR2, a human early growth response gene encoding a protein with "zinc-binding finger" structure. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[15]  A. Miller,et al.  Identification of a signal in a murine retrovirus that is sufficient for packaging of nonretroviral RNA into virions , 1988, Journal of virology.

[16]  W. V. van Venrooij,et al.  Human U1 snRNP-specific C protein: complete cDNA and protein sequence and identification of a multigene family in mammals. , 1988, Nucleic acids research.

[17]  J. Fütterer,et al.  The leading sequence of caulimovirus large RNA can be folded into a large stem-loop structure. , 1988, Nucleic acids research.

[18]  Sheila M. Thomas,et al.  Two mRNAs that differ by two nontemplated nucleotides encode the amino coterminal proteins P and V of the paramyxovirus SV5 , 1988, Cell.

[19]  T. Iyanagi,et al.  Structure-function relationship of NAD(P)H:quinone reductase: characterization of NH2-terminal blocking group and essential tyrosine and lysine residues. , 1988, Biochemistry.

[20]  H. Towle,et al.  Isolation and characterization of rat cDNA clones for two distinct thyroid hormone receptors. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[21]  M. Hentze,et al.  Binding of a cytosolic protein to the iron-responsive element of human ferritin messenger RNA. , 1988, Science.

[22]  C. Dabrowski,et al.  Translational control of synthesis of simian virus 40 late proteins from polycistronic 19S late mRNA , 1988, Journal of virology.

[23]  M. Barbosa,et al.  E2 of cottontail rabbit papillomavirus is a nuclear phosphoprotein translated from an mRNA encoding multiple open reading frames , 1988, Journal of virology.

[24]  A. Barkan,et al.  Proteins encoded by a complex chloroplast transcription unit are each translated from both monocistronic and polycistronic mRNAs. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[25]  A. Geballe,et al.  Translational control of cytomegalovirus gene expression is mediated by upstream AUG codons , 1988, Journal of virology.

[26]  D. Kolakofsky,et al.  Scanning independent ribosomal initiation of the Sendai virus X protein. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[27]  A. Miller,et al.  Design of vectors for efficient expression of human purine nucleoside phosphorylase in skin fibroblasts from enzyme-deficient humans. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[28]  J. Strominger,et al.  Isolation and structural characterization of the human 4F2 heavy-chain gene, an inducible gene involved in T-lymphocyte activation , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[29]  Irving S. Sigal,et al.  Cloning of bovine GAP and its interaction with oncogenic ras p21 , 1988, Nature.

[30]  P. Seeburg,et al.  Structural and functional basis for GABAA receptor heterogeneity , 1988, Nature.

[31]  C. Crumpacker,et al.  Expression of herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA polymerase gene by in vitro translation and effects of gene deletions on activity , 1988, Journal of virology.

[32]  V. Pathak,et al.  Structure of the β subunit of translational initiation factor elF-2 , 1988, Cell.

[33]  A. Cigan,et al.  Mutations at a Zn(II) finger motif in the yeast elF-2β gene alter ribosomal start-site selection during the scanning process , 1988, Cell.

[34]  L. Hall,et al.  Structure and expression of the guinea-pig α-lactalbumin gene , 1988 .

[35]  Y. Kagawa,et al.  Gene structure of the human mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate synthase beta subunit. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[36]  W. Greene,et al.  p55 IL-2 receptor mRNA precursors in murine T lymphocyte nuclei. , 1988, Journal of immunology.

[37]  M. Goldfarb,et al.  The human FGF-5 oncogene encodes a novel protein related to fibroblast growth factors , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[38]  N. Young,et al.  Translational regulation of B19 parvovirus capsid protein production by multiple upstream AUG triplets. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[39]  E. Wimmer,et al.  A segment of the 5' nontranslated region of encephalomyocarditis virus RNA directs internal entry of ribosomes during in vitro translation , 1988, Journal of virology.

[40]  P. Fabisch,et al.  Synthesis of adeno-associated virus structural proteins requires both alternative mRNA splicing and alternative initiations from a single transcript , 1988, Journal of virology.

[41]  S. Aaronson,et al.  Molecular cloning and characterization of the human dbl proto‐oncogene: evidence that its overexpression is sufficient to transform NIH/3T3 cells. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[42]  M. W. Robertson,et al.  cDNA heterogeneity suggests structural variants related to the high-affinity IgE receptor. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[43]  J. Williams,et al.  Structural characterization of Dictyostelium discoideum prespore-specific gene D19 and of its product, cell surface glycoprotein PsA , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[44]  M. Chao,et al.  A constitutive promoter directs expression of the nerve growth factor receptor gene. , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[45]  E. Linney,et al.  Differential expression of the homeobox gene Hox-1.3 in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[46]  L. Birnbaumer,et al.  Reticulocyte lysates synthesize an active alpha subunit of the stimulatory G protein Gs. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[47]  D. Baltimore,et al.  Translation in mammalian cells of a gene linked to the poliovirus 5' noncoding region. , 1988, Science.

[48]  Stephen H. Friend,et al.  Association between an oncogene and an anti-oncogene: the adenovirus E1A proteins bind to the retinoblastoma gene product , 1988, Nature.

[49]  D. B. Mitchell,et al.  Simian rotavirus SA11 segment 11 contains overlapping reading frames , 1988, Nucleic Acids Res..

[50]  P. Schulz,et al.  Sequence of a cDNA clone encompassing the complete mature human prostate specific antigen (PSA) and an unspliced leader sequence , 1988, Nucleic Acids Res..

[51]  M. D. Morch,et al.  Overlapping open reading frames revealed by complete nucleotide sequencing of turnip yellow mosaic virus genomic RNA , 1988, Nucleic Acids Res..

[52]  H. Trachsel,et al.  The mouse protein synthesis initiation factor 4A gene family includes two related functional genes which are differentially expressed. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[53]  M. Kozak.  Leader length and secondary structure modulate mRNA function under conditions of stress , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[54]  P. Turner,et al.  Studies on the mechanism of translational enhancement by the 5'-leader sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. , 1988, European journal of biochemistry.

[55]  A. Cigan,et al.  Mutational analysis of the HIS4 translational initiator region in Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[56]  G. Rodan,et al.  Human renal carcinoma expresses two messages encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide: evidence for the alternative splicing of a single-copy gene. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[57]  R. Coppel,et al.  Identification of two integral membrane proteins of Plasmodium falciparum. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[58]  Genetic selection for mutations that reduce or abolish ribosomal recognition of the HIS4 translational initiator region. , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[59]  G. Martin,et al.  Four classes of mRNA are expressed from the mouse int‐2 gene, a member of the FGF gene family. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[60]  N. Sonenberg,et al.  Internal initiation of translation of eukaryotic mRNA directed by a sequence derived from poliovirus RNA , 1988, Nature.

[61]  M. Wigler,et al.  Characterization of the rat mas oncogene and its high-level expression in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of rat brain. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[62]  V. Rotter,et al.  Human p53 oncogene contains one promoter upstream of exon 1 and a second, stronger promoter within intron 1. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[63]  R. Andino,et al.  An RNA sequence of hundreds of nucleotides at the 5' end of poliovirus RNA is involved in allowing viral protein synthesis , 1988, Journal of virology.

[64]  M. Kozak,et al.  A profusion of controls , 1988, The Journal of cell biology.

[65]  K. Gupta,et al.  ACG, the initiator codon for a Sendai virus protein. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[66]  M. Waterman,et al.  Transcription of the bovine adrenodoxin gene produces two species of mRNA of which only one is translated into adrenodoxin. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[67]  E. Milgrom,et al.  Organisation of the entire rabbit progesterone receptor mRNA and of the promoter and 5' flanking region of the gene. , 1988, Nucleic acids research.

[68]  Y. Ben-Neriah,et al.  Leukocytes express a novel gene encoding a putative transmembrane protein-kinase devoid of an extracellular domain , 1988, Nature.

[69]  M. Pfahl,et al.  A new retinoic acid receptor identified from a hepatocellular carcinoma , 1988, Nature.

[70]  M. Seno,et al.  Nucleotide sequence of rat basic fibroblast growth factor cDNA. , 1988, Nucleic acids research.

[71]  C. March,et al.  Stimulation of B-cell progenitors by cloned murine interleukin-7 , 1988, Nature.

[72]  C. Kahana,et al.  Isolation and characterization of the mouse ornithine decarboxylase gene. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[73]  S. Ohno,et al.  A novel phorbol ester receptor/protein kinase, nPKC, distantly related to the protein kinase C family , 1988, Cell.

[74]  C. Yanofsky,et al.  The cross-pathway control gene of Neurospora crassa, cpc-1, encodes a protein similar to GCN4 of yeast and the DNA-binding domain of the oncogene v-jun-encoded protein. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[75]  A. Hinnebusch.  Mechanisms of gene regulation in the general control of amino acid biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. , 1988, Microbiological reviews.

[76]  P Stanier,et al.  Isolation of a human gene with protein sequence similarity to human and murine int‐1 and the Drosophila segment polarity mutant wingless. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[77]  K. Amrein,et al.  Two transcripts of the same ecdysterone-controlled gene are differentially associated with ribosomes. , 1988, Gene.

[78]  Complementary oligodeoxynucleotide mediated inhibition of tobacco mosaic virus RNA translation in vitro. , 1988, Nucleic acids research.

[79]  R. Scarpulla,et al.  Structure and expression of rodent genes encoding the testis-specific cytochrome c. Differences in gene structure and evolution between somatic and testicular variants. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[80]  R. Possee,et al.  Functional analysis of the p10 gene 5' leader sequence of the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus. , 1988, Nucleic acids research.

[81]  P. Gruss,et al.  Primary structure and developmental expression pattern of Hox 3.1, a member of the murine Hox 3 homeobox gene cluster. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[82]  P. Bingham,et al.  On/off regulation of gene expression at the level of splicing. , 1988, Trends in genetics : TIG.

[83]  R. Pytela.  Amino acid sequence of the murine Mac‐1 alpha chain reveals homology with the integrin family and an additional domain related to von Willebrand factor. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[84]  G. Thireos,et al.  Transcriptional-translational regulatory circuit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which involves the GCN4 transcriptional activator and the GCN2 protein kinase , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[85]  Y. Jan,et al.  Cloning of a probable potassium channel gene from mouse brain , 1988, Nature.

[86]  G. Bruns,et al.  Human profilin. Molecular cloning, sequence comparison, and chromosomal analysis. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[87]  Eileen D. Adamson,et al.  A zinc finger-encoding gene coregulated with c-fos during growth and differentiation, and after cellular depolarization , 1988, Cell.

[88]  D. Mahuran,et al.  Proteolytic processing of pro-alpha and pro-beta precursors from human beta-hexosaminidase. Generation of the mature alpha and beta a beta b subunits. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[89]  F Sherman,et al.  mRNA structures influencing translation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[90]  J. Frank,et al.  A new non-crystallographic image-processing technique reveals the architecture of ribosomes. , 1988, Trends in biochemical sciences.

[91]  P. Coffino,et al.  Mouse ornithine decarboxylase gene: cloning, structure, and expression. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[92]  A. Levinson,et al.  Expression of the plasmid-encoded type I dihydrofolate reductase gene in cultured mammalian cells: a novel selectable marker. , 1988, Nucleic acids research.

[93]  E. Krebs,et al.  Translational activation of the lck proto-oncogene , 1988, Nature.

[94]  T. Furukawa,et al.  A teratocarcinoma glycoprotein carrying a developmentally regulated carbohydrate marker is a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. , 1988, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[95]  P. Good,et al.  Both VP2 and VP3 are synthesized from each of the alternative spliced late 19S RNA species of simian virus 40 , 1988, Journal of virology.

[96]  J. Mertz,et al.  Mechanisms of synthesis of virion proteins from the functionally bigenic late mRNAs of simian virus 40 , 1988, Journal of virology.

[97]  G. McFadden,et al.  Cloning and sequencing of the cytoplasmic precursor to the alpha subunit of rat liver mitochondrial succinyl-CoA synthetase. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[98]  P. Spierer,et al.  Conservation of neural nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from Drosophila to vertebrate central nervous systems. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[99]  S. Tilghman,et al.  The structure and expression of a novel gene activated in early mouse embryogenesis. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[100]  E. Lazarides,et al.  Alternative primary structures in the transmembrane domain of the chicken erythroid anion transporter. , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[101]  C. Stolle,et al.  Cellular factor affecting the stability of β-globin mRNA , 1988 .

[102]  C. W. Smith,et al.  The rat alpha-tropomyosin gene generates a minimum of six different mRNAs coding for striated, smooth, and nonmuscle isoforms by alternative splicing , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[103]  C. Betsholtz,et al.  Structural characterization of the human platelet-derived growth factor A-chain cDNA and gene: alternative exon usage predicts two different precursor proteins , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[104]  J. Sodroski,et al.  The art gene product of human immunodeficiency virus is required for replication , 1988, Journal of virology.

[105]  S. Korsmeyer,et al.  Alternative promoters and exons, somatic mutation and deregulation of the Bcl‐2‐Ig fusion gene in lymphoma. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[106]  M. Zerial,et al.  A gene encoding a protein with zinc fingers is activated during G0/G1 transition in cultured cells. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[107]  K. Robbins,et al.  Primary structure of the human fgr proto-oncogene product p55c-fgr , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[108]  S. Aaronson,et al.  The 5' untranslated sequence of the c-sis/platelet-derived growth factor 2 transcript is a potent translational inhibitor , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[109]  D. Kolakofsky,et al.  Ribosomal initiation from an ACG codon in the Sendai virus P/C mRNA. , 1988, The EMBO journal.

[110]  K. Arai,et al.  SR alpha promoter: an efficient and versatile mammalian cDNA expression system composed of the simian virus 40 early promoter and the R-U5 segment of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 long terminal repeat , 1988, Molecular and cellular biology.

[111]  K. Takeyasu,et al.  Structure of LEP100, a glycoprotein that shuttles between lysosomes and the plasma membrane, deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the encoding cDNA , 1988, The Journal of cell biology.

[112]  D. Bonthron,et al.  The human von Willebrand factor gene. Structure of the 5' region. , 1988, European journal of biochemistry.

[113]  A. C. Webb,et al.  Identification of a cDNA encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide from a human tumor associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[114]  H. Saito,et al.  Isolation and structure of a cDNA encoding the B1 (CD20) cell-surface antigen of human B lymphocytes. , 1988, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[115]  D. Melton,et al.  Characterisation of cDNA clones for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase from the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum: comparisons to the mammalian gene and protein. , 1987, Nucleic acids research.

[116]  D. Barton,et al.  The human U1-70K snRNP protein: cDNA cloning, chromosomal localization, expression, alternative splicing and RNA-binding. , 1987, Nucleic acids research.

[117]  R. Herman.  Characterization of the internal initiation of translation on the vesicular stomatitis virus phosphoprotein mRNA. , 1987, Biochemistry.

[118]  William I. Wood,et al.  Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression , 1987, Nature.

[119]  J. Engler,et al.  Expression of enzymatically active adenovirus DNA polymerase from cloned DNA requires sequences upstream of the main open reading frame. , 1987, Virology.

[120]  D. Patel,et al.  Messenger RNAs of a strongly-expressed late gene of cowpox virus contain 5'-terminal poly(A) sequences. , 1987, The EMBO journal.

[121]  A. Efstratiadis,et al.  Cloning vectors for expression of cDNA libraries in mammalian cells. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[122]  P. Chambon,et al.  The chicken progesterone receptor: sequence, expression and functional analysis. , 1987, The EMBO journal.

[123]  H. Khorana,et al.  Expression of a synthetic bovine rhodopsin gene in monkey kidney cells. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[124]  F. Ruddle,et al.  Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of the large subunit of the human lymphocyte activation antigen 4F2. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[125]  P. Carter,et al.  Molecular cloning of cDNA for human complement component C1s. The complete amino acid sequence. , 1987, European journal of biochemistry.

[126]  N. Sarver,et al.  Stable expression of recombinant factor VIII molecules using a bovine papillomavirus vector. , 1987, DNA.

[127]  J. Williams,et al.  Two divergently transcribed genes of Dictyostelium discoideum are cyclic AMP-inducible and coregulated during development , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[128]  T. Horii,et al.  Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[129]  B. Sefton,et al.  Two lck transcripts containing different 5' untranslated regions are present in T cells , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[130]  F. Alt,et al.  The human myc gene family: structure and activity of L-myc and an L-myc pseudogene. , 1987, Genes & development.

[131]  E. Nagy,et al.  Synthesis of the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus polyprotein, detection of a virus-encoded protease, and fine structure mapping of genome segment A coding regions , 1987, Journal of virology.

[132]  A. Bellamy,et al.  Processing of rotavirus glycoprotein VP7: implications for the retention of the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum , 1987, The Journal of cell biology.

[133]  C. Emerson,et al.  A novel hybrid alpha-tropomyosin in fibroblasts is produced by alternative splicing of transcripts from the skeletal muscle alpha-tropomyosin gene. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[134]  C. Somerville,et al.  The primary structure of spinach glycolate oxidase deduced from the DNA sequence of a cDNA clone. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[135]  M. Caron,et al.  Functional activity and regulation of human beta 2-adrenergic receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[136]  P. Turner,et al.  A comparison of eukaryotic viral 5'-leader sequences as enhancers of mRNA expression in vivo. , 1987, Nucleic acids research.

[137]  M. Capecchi,et al.  Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells , 1987, Cell.

[138]  J. Strominger,et al.  Expression of HLA-DR antigen in human class II mutant B-cell lines by double infection with retrovirus vectors , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[139]  M. Kozak.  An analysis of 5'-noncoding sequences from 699 vertebrate messenger RNAs. , 1987, Nucleic acids research.

[140]  P. Borst,et al.  Inactivation of transcription by UV irradiation of T. brucei provides evidence for a multicistronic transcription unit including a VSG gene , 1987, Cell.

[141]  Wen-Hwa Lee,et al.  The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein associated with DNA binding activity , 1987, Nature.

[142]  M. Kozak,et al.  Effects of intercistronic length on the efficiency of reinitiation by eucaryotic ribosomes. , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[143]  P. Rotwein,et al.  Sequence of two rat insulin-like growth factor I mRNAs differing within the 5' untranslated region. , 1987, Nucleic acids research.

[144]  E. Kawasaki,et al.  Human CSF‐1: gene structure and alternative splicing of mRNA precursors. , 1987, The EMBO journal.

[145]  M. Braun,et al.  Sequence of MET protooncogene cDNA has features characteristic of the tyrosine kinase family of growth-factor receptors. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[146]  L. A. Ball,et al.  Recombinant vaccinia viruses carrying the N gene of human respiratory syncytial virus: studies of gene expression in cell culture and immune response in mice , 1987, Journal of virology.

[147]  A. Ullrich,et al.  The human EGF receptor gene: structure of the 110 kb locus and identification of sequences regulating its transcription. , 1987, Oncogene research.

[148]  W. Rutter,et al.  Insulin-like growth factor II receptor as a multifunctional binding protein , 1987, Nature.

[149]  M. Ittmann,et al.  An oncogene isolated by transfection of Kaposi's sarcoma DNA encodes a growth factor that is a member of the FGF family , 1987, Cell.

[150]  D. Peabody.  Translation initiation at an ACG triplet in mammalian cells. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[151]  M. Kozak,et al.  At least six nucleotides preceding the AUG initiator codon enhance translation in mammalian cells. , 1987, Journal of molecular biology.

[152]  T. Fox,et al.  Saccharomyces cerevisiae positive regulatory gene PET111 encodes a mitochondrial protein that is translated from an mRNA with a long 5' leader , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[153]  T. Bonner,et al.  Identification of a family of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes. , 1987, Science.

[154]  H. Stunnenberg,et al.  Discontinuous transcription or RNA processing of vaccinia virus late messengers results in a 5′ poly(A) leader , 1987, Cell.

[155]  M. D'Esposito,et al.  Two human homeobox genes, c1 and c8: structure analysis and expression in embryonic development. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[156]  J. Manley,et al.  Selective translation initiation on bicistronic simian virus 40 late mRNA , 1987, Journal of virology.

[157]  U. Storb,et al.  High-frequency deletional rearrangement of immunoglobulin kappa gene segments introduced into a pre-B-cell line. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[158]  F. Messenguy,et al.  The leader peptide of yeast gene CPA1 is essential for the translational repression of its expression , 1987, Cell.

[159]  H. Varmus,et al.  Identification of a human gene (HCK) that encodes a protein-tyrosine kinase and is expressed in hemopoietic cells , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[160]  R. Dottin,et al.  Structure and sequence of a UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase gene of Dictyostelium discoideum. , 1987, Nucleic acids research.

[161]  A. Ashkenazi,et al.  Primary structure and biochemical properties of an M2 muscarinic receptor. , 1987, Science.

[162]  G. V. Vande Woude,et al.  c-mos proto-oncogene RNA transcripts in mouse tissues: structural features, developmental regulation, and localization in specific cell types , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[163]  J W Watts,et al.  The 5'-leader sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA enhances the expression of foreign gene transcripts in vitro and in vivo. , 1987, Nucleic acids research.

[164]  B. Clarke,et al.  All foot and mouth disease virus serotypes initiate protein synthesis at two separate AUGs. , 1987, Nucleic acids research.

[165]  E. Kieff,et al.  A bicistronic Epstein-Barr virus mRNA encodes two nuclear proteins in latently infected, growth-transformed lymphocytes , 1987, Journal of virology.

[166]  E. Hunter,et al.  Expression of the Rous sarcoma virus env gene from a simian virus 40 late-region replacement vector: effects of upstream initiation codons , 1987, Journal of virology.

[167]  T. Platt,et al.  Transcription termination factor rho is an RNA-DNA helicase , 1987, Cell.

[168]  W. Lee,et al.  Human retinoblastoma susceptibility gene: cloning, identification, and sequence , 1987, Science.

[169]  J. Brady,et al.  Translational regulation of SV40 early mRNA defines a new viral protein , 1987, Cell.

[170]  S. Williams,et al.  Human purine nucleoside phosphorylase and adenosine deaminase: gene transfer into cultured cells and murine hematopoietic stem cells by using recombinant amphotropic retroviruses , 1987, Molecular and cellular biology.

[171]  A. Hirano,et al.  Structure and function of bicistronic RNA encoding the phosphoprotein and matrix protein of measles virus , 1987, Journal of virology.

[172]  M. Zerial,et al.  Foreign transmembrane peptides replacing the internal signal sequence of transferrin receptor allow its translocation and membrane binding , 1987, Cell.

[173]  A. Y. Lu,et al.  Rat liver NAD(P)H: quinone reductase nucleotide sequence analysis of a quinone reductase cDNA clone and prediction of the amino acid sequence of the corresponding protein. , 1987, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[174]  B. Jarry,et al.  The rudimentary gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes four enzymic functions. , 1987, Journal of molecular biology.

[175]  S. Henikoff.  Multifunctional polypeptides for purine de novo synthesis , 1987, BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology.

[176]  B. Moss,et al.  Determination of the transcriptional regulatory region of a vaccinia virus late gene , 1987, Journal of virology.

[177]  S. Orkin.  The pitfalls of sequencing: revised sequence of the X-CGD gene , 1987 .

[178]  H. Edenberg,et al.  Structure of the mouse Adh-1 gene and identification of a deletion in a long alternating purine-pyrimidine sequence in the first intron of strains expressing low alcohol dehydrogenase activity. , 1987, Gene.

[179]  B. Wieringa,et al.  Cloning and nucleotide sequence of rat ornithine decarboxylase cDNA. , 1987, Gene.

[180]  A. Cigan,et al.  Sequence and structural features associated with translational initiator regions in yeast--a review. , 1987, Gene.

[181]  A. Dejean,et al.  A novel steroid thyroid hormone receptor-related gene inappropriately expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma , 1987, Nature.

[182]  J. de Gunzburg,et al.  Cloning and cDNA sequence of the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase from Dictyostelium discoideum. , 1987, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[183]  M. Kozak.  Regulation of Protein Synthesis in Virus-Infected Animal Cells , 1986, Advances in Virus Research.

[184]  J. Brady,et al.  Spacing between simian virus 40 early transcriptional control sequences is important for regulation of early RNA synthesis and gene expression , 1986, Journal of virology.

[185]  T. Shenk,et al.  Simian virus 40 agnoprotein facilitates normal nuclear location of the major capsid polypeptide and cell-to-cell spread of virus , 1986, Journal of virology.

[186]  Eric O Long,et al.  Two forms of the la antigen-associated invariant chain result from alternative initiations at two in-phase AUGs , 1986, Cell.

[187]  M. Kozak.  Bifunctional messenger RNAs in eukaryotes , 1986, Cell.

[188]  J. Flach,et al.  Analysis of tropomyosin cDNAs isolated from skeletal and smooth muscle mRNA. , 1986, Nucleic acids research.

[189]  P. Earl,et al.  Conserved TAAATG sequence at the transcriptional and translational initiation sites of vaccinia virus late genes deduced by structural and functional analysis of the HindIII H genome fragment , 1986, Journal of virology.

[190]  M. Horwitz,et al.  A major internal initiation site for the in vitro translation of the adenovirus DNA polymerase. , 1986, Virology.

[191]  M. Capecchi,et al.  Introduction of homologous DNA sequences into mammalian cells induces mutations in the cognate gene , 1986, Nature.

[192]  K. Nagashima,et al.  A single species of pX mRNA of human T-cell leukemia virus type I encodes trans-activator p40x and two other phosphoproteins , 1986, Journal of virology.

[193]  M. Mishina,et al.  Cloning, sequencing and expression of complementary DNA encoding the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor , 1986, Nature.

[194]  T. Gingeras,et al.  Introduction and expression of the bacterial PaeR7 methylase gene in mammalian cells. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[195]  E. Ruoslahti,et al.  Identification from cDNA of the precursor form of a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein. , 1986, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[196]  H. Kotani,et al.  Structure and gene organization of bovine neuromedin K precursor. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[197]  M. D'urso,et al.  Structural analysis of the X‐linked gene encoding human glucose 6‐phosphate dehydrogenase. , 1986, The EMBO journal.

[198]  R. Duncan,et al.  The nucleotide sequence of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) dsRNA segment A reveals one large ORF encoding a precursor polyprotein. , 1986, Nucleic acids research.

[199]  F. Albericio,et al.  Synthesis in vitro of a seven amino acid peptide encoded in the leader RNA of Rous sarcoma virus. , 1986, Journal of molecular biology.

[200]  D. Peabody,et al.  Effect of upstream reading frames on translation efficiency in simian virus 40 recombinants , 1986, Molecular and cellular biology.

[201]  H. Willard,et al.  Isolation of cDNA clones coding for the alpha-subunit of human beta-hexosaminidase. Extensive homology between the alpha- and beta-subunits and studies on Tay-Sachs disease. , 1986, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[202]  R. Herman.  Internal initiation of translation on the vesicular stomatitis virus phosphoprotein mRNA yields a second protein , 1986, Journal of virology.

[203]  T. Ikuta,et al.  Human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase: primary structure and cDNA cloning. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[204]  M. Kozak.  Influences of mRNA secondary structure on initiation by eukaryotic ribosomes. , 1986, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[205]  A. Hinnebusch,et al.  Multiple upstream AUG codons mediate translational control of GCN4 , 1986, Cell.

[206]  E. Davie,et al.  Amino acid sequence of human histidine-rich glycoprotein derived from the nucleotide sequence of its cDNA. , 1986, Biochemistry.

[207]  K. Fukasawa,et al.  Nucleotide sequence of the putative regulatory region of mouse lactate dehydrogenase-A gene. , 1986, The Biochemical journal.

[208]  H. Takeshima,et al.  Existence of distinct sodium channel messenger RNAs in rat brain , 1986, Nature.

[209]  M. Kozak.  Point mutations define a sequence flanking the AUG initiator codon that modulates translation by eukaryotic ribosomes , 1986, Cell.

[210]  B. A. Phillips,et al.  Modulation of the expression of poliovirus proteins in reticulocyte lysates. , 1986, Virology.

[211]  G. Air,et al.  Loss of enzyme activity in a site-directed mutant of influenza neuraminidase compared to expressed wild-type protein. , 1986, Virology.

[212]  J. Messing,et al.  Structural Analysis of Plant Genes , 1986 .

[213]  J. H. Strauss,et al.  Structure of the Flavivirus Genome , 1986 .

[214]  J. Piatigorsky,et al.  Preferential conservation of the globular domains of the beta A3/A1-crystallin polypeptide of the chicken eye lens. , 1986, Gene.

[215]  C. Anderson,et al.  Direct mapping of adeno-associated virus capsid proteins B and C: a possible ACG initiation codon. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[216]  C. Anderson,et al.  Can ACG serve as an initiation codon for protein synthesis in eucaryotic cells? , 1985, Molecular and cellular biology.

[217]  G. Lennon,et al.  Cμ-containing transcripts initiate heterogeneously within the IgH enhancer region and contain a novel 5′-nontranslatable exon , 1985, Nature.

[218]  W. P. Summers,et al.  Utilization of internal AUG codons for initiation of protein synthesis directed by mRNAs from normal and mutant genes encoding herpes simplex virus-specified thymidine kinase , 1985, Journal of virology.

[219]  H. Trachsel,et al.  Cloning of eukaryotic protein synthesis initiation factor genes: isolation and characterization of cDNA clones encoding factor eIF-4A. , 1985, Nucleic acids research.

[220]  S. Lindquist,et al.  The preferential translation of Drosophila hsp70 mRNA requires sequences in the untranslated leader , 1985, Cell.

[221]  M. Brown,et al.  Multiple mRNAs for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase determined by multiple transcription initiation sites and intron splicing sites in the 5'-untranslated region. , 1985, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[222]  D. Hultmark,et al.  Selective translation of heat shock mRNA in Drosophila melanogaster depends on sequence information in the leader. , 1985, The EMBO journal.

[223]  K. Fukasawa,et al.  Protein structure and gene organization of mouse lactate dehydrogenase-A isozyme. , 1985, European journal of biochemistry.

[224]  B. Endlich,et al.  The DNA restriction endonuclease of Escherichia coli B. I. Studies of the DNA translocation and the ATPase activities. , 1985, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[225]  T. Henni,et al.  alpha‐Thalassaemia associated with the deletion of two nucleotides at position ‐2 and ‐3 preceding the AUG codon. , 1985, The EMBO journal.

[226]  H. Edenberg,et al.  Cloning and sequencing of cDNA encoding the complete mouse liver alcohol dehydrogenase. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[227]  E. Ruoslahti,et al.  Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan cDNA. , 1985, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[228]  P. Sharp,et al.  Effect of the tripartite leader on synthesis of a non-viral protein in an adenovirus 5 recombinant. , 1985, Nucleic acids research.

[229]  A. Shatkin.  mRNA cap binding proteins: essential factors for initiating translation , 1985, Cell.

[230]  M. Abouhaidar,et al.  Synthesis in vitro of the coat protein of papaya mosaic virus. , 1985, Virology.

[231]  E. Fritsch,et al.  Isolation and characterization of genomic and cDNA clones of human erythropoietin , 1985, Nature.

[232]  P. Krieg,et al.  Efficient expression of cloned complementary DNAs for secretory proteins after injection into Xenopus oocytes. , 1984, Journal of molecular biology.

[233]  P. Arcari,et al.  The complete sequence of a full length cDNA for human liver glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: evidence for multiple mRNA species. , 1984, Nucleic acids research.

[234]  L. Dixon,et al.  Initiation of translation of the cauliflower mosaic virus genome from a polycistronic mRNA: evidence from deletion mutagenesis , 1984, The EMBO journal.

[235]  L. Kühn,et al.  The human transferrin receptor gene: genomic organization, and the complete primary structure of the receptor deduced from a cDNA sequence , 1984, Cell.

[236]  D. Schümperli,et al.  Affecting gene expression by altering the length and sequence of the 5' leader. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[237]  Y. Kan,et al.  Initiation codon mutation as a cause of alpha thalassemia. , 1984, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[238]  J. Williams,et al.  Primary structure of human transferrin receptor deduced from the mRNA sequence , 1984, Nature.

[239]  F. Tamanoi,et al.  Mutation of a termination codon affects src initiation , 1984, Molecular and cellular biology.

[240]  G. Thireos,et al.  5' untranslated sequences are required for the translational control of a yeast regulatory gene. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[241]  C. P. Hollenberg,et al.  Saccharomyces cerevisiae ribosomes recognize non-AUG initiation codons , 1984, Molecular and cellular biology.

[242]  T. Shenk,et al.  Adenovirus tripartite leader sequence enhances translation of mRNAs late after infection. , 1984, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[243]  M. Kozak,et al.  Selection of initiation sites by eucaryotic ribosomes: effect of inserting AUG triplets upstream from the coding sequence for preproinsulin. , 1984, Nucleic acids research.

[244]  A. Levinson,et al.  Initiation of translation at internal AUG codons in mammalian cells , 1984, Nature.

[245]  W. Filipowicz,et al.  Multiple ribosome binding to the 5'-terminal leader sequence of tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Assembly of an 80S ribosome X mRNA complex at the AUU codon. , 1984, European journal of biochemistry.

[246]  B. Semler,et al.  In vitro translation of poliovirus RNA: utilization of internal initiation sites in reticulocyte lysate , 1984, Journal of virology.

[247]  M. Kozak.  Compilation and analysis of sequences upstream from the translational start site in eukaryotic mRNAs. , 1984, Nucleic acids research.

[248]  M. Kostura,et al.  Inhibition of protein synthesis in CHO cells by actinomycin D: lesion occurs after 40S initiation complex formation. , 1983, Biochemistry.

[249]  M. Summers,et al.  Production of human beta interferon in insect cells infected with a baculovirus expression vector , 1983, Molecular and cellular biology.

[250]  M. Kozak,et al.  Translation of insulin-related polypeptides from messenger RNAs with tandemly reiterated copies of the ribosome binding site , 1983, Cell.

[251]  R. Lamb,et al.  A previously unrecognized influenza B virus glycoprotein from a bicistronic mRNA that also encodes the viral neuraminidase. , 1983, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[252]  M. Kozak.  Comparison of initiation of protein synthesis in procaryotes, eucaryotes, and organelles. , 1983, Microbiological reviews.

[253]  J. Weissenbach,et al.  The beta2‐microglobulin mRNA in human Daudi cells has a mutated initiation codon but is still inducible by interferon. , 1983, The EMBO journal.

[254]  L. Hall,et al.  Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of cloned human and guinea-pig pre-alpha-lactalbumin cDNA with that of chick pre-lysozyme cDNA suggests evolution from a common ancestral gene. , 1982, Nucleic acids research.

[255]  R. Perry,et al.  Functional significance and evolutionary development of the 5′-terminal regions of immunoglobulin variable-region genes , 1982, Cell.

[256]  P. Mertens,et al.  Messenger RNA of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus is polycistronic , 1982, Nature.

[257]  H. Temin,et al.  Spontaneous changes in nucleotide sequence in proviruses of spleen necrosis virus, an avian retrovirus. , 1982, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[258]  M. Kozak.  Possible role of flanking nucleotides in recognition of the AUG initiator codon by eukaryotic ribosomes. , 1981, Nucleic acids research.

[259]  D. Baltimore,et al.  Molecular cloning of poliovirus cDNA and determination of the complete nucleotide sequence of the viral genome. , 1981, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[260]  C. Anderson,et al.  Identification of the SV40 agnogene product: a DNA binding protein , 1981, Nature.

[261]  M. Pinck,et al.  Binding of ribosomes to the 5' leader sequence (N = 258) of RNA 3 from alfalfa mosaic virus. , 1981, Nucleic acids research.

[262]  S. Wakil,et al.  The isolation and characterization of fatty-acid synthetase mRNA from rat mammary gland. , 1981, European journal of biochemistry.

[263]  W. Filipowicz,et al.  Binding of ribosomes to linear and circular forms of the 5'-terminal leader fragment of tobacco-mosaic-virus RNA. , 1981, European journal of biochemistry.

[264]  M. Kozak.  Role of ATP in binding and migration of 40S ribosomal subunits , 1980, Cell.

[265]  M. Kozak.  Binding of wheat germ ribosomes to fragmented viral mRNA , 1980, Journal of virology.

[266]  J. Stewart,et al.  Mutants of yeast initiating translation of Iso-1-cytochrome c within a region spanning 37 nucleotides , 1980, Cell.

[267]  C. Lawrence.  Activation of an internal initiation site for protein synthesis during in vitro translation. , 1980, Nucleic acids research.

[268]  M. Fresno,et al.  Inhibitory effects of 'cap' analogues on globin mRNA and encephalomyocarditis RNA translation in a reticulocyte cell-free system. , 1980, European journal of biochemistry.

[269]  P. Ahlquist,et al.  Two-step binding of eukaryotic ribosomes to brome mosaic virus RNA3 , 1979, Nature.

[270]  C. Fritsch,et al.  Formation of ribosome-RNA initiation complexes with alfalfa mosaic virus RNA 4 and RNA 3 , 1979, Nucleic Acids Res..

[271]  G. Fink,et al.  The product of the his4 gene cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A trifunctional polypeptide. , 1979, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[272]  M. Kozak.  Inability of circular mRNA to attach to eukaryotic ribosomes , 1979, Nature.

[273]  M. Kozak.  Migration of 40 S ribosomal subunits on messenger RNA when initiation is perturbed by lowering magnesium or adding drugs. , 1979, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[274]  H. Pelham.  Translation of fragmented viral RNA in vitro , 1979, FEBS letters.

[275]  H. Lodish,et al.  Translation of capped and uncapped vesicular stomatitis virus and reovirus mRNA'S. Sensitivity to m7GpppAm and ionic conditions. , 1979, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[276]  M. Kozak,et al.  How do eucaryotic ribosomes select initiation regions in messenger RNA? , 1978, Cell.

[277]  N. Sonenberg,et al.  Nonspecific effect of m7GMP on protein-RNA interactions. , 1978, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[278]  A. Shatkin,et al.  Migration of 40 S ribosomal subunits on messenger RNA in the presence of edeine. , 1978, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[279]  S. Seal,et al.  Inhibition of noncapped mRNA translation by the cap analogue, 7-methylguanosine-5'-phosphate. , 1978, Biochemical and biophysical research communications.

[280]  Alan E. Smith.  CRYPTIC INITIATION SITES IN EUKARYOTIC VIRUS mRNAS , 1978 .

[281]  B. Kemper,et al.  Dependence on potassium concentration of the inhibition of the translation of messenger ribonucleic acid by 7-methylguanosine 5'-phosphate. , 1977, Biochemistry.

[282]  A. Shatkin.  Capping of eucaryotic mRNAs , 1976, Cell.

[283]  K. Kuno.  [The mammary gland]. , 1966, Kyobu geka. The Japanese journal of thoracic surgery.

[284]  Yuet,et al.  Initiation Codon Mutation as a Cause of cu Thalassemia * , 2022 .

[285]  Caron,et al.  Functional Activity and Regulation of Human & Adrenergic Receptors Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes * , 2022 .