Active galactic nuclei-driven outflows without immediate quenching in simulations of high-redshift disc galaxies

We study outflows driven by Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) using high- resolution simulations of idealized z=2 isolated disk galaxies. Episodic accretion events lead to outflows with velocities >1000 km/s and mass outflow rates up to the star formation rate (several tens of Msun/yr). Outflowing winds escape perpendicular to the disk with wide opening angles, and are typically asymmetric (i.e. unipolar) because dense gas above or below the AGN in the resolved disk inhibits outflow. Owing to rapid variability in the accretion rates, outflowing gas may be detectable even when the AGN is effectively "off." The highest velocity outflows are sometimes, but not always, concentrated within 2-3 kpc of the galactic center during the peak accretion. With our purely thermal AGN feedback model -- standard in previous literature -- the outflowing material is mostly hot (10^6 K) and diffuse (nH Gyr) timescales.

[1]  S. Veilleux,et al.  Massive molecular outflows and evidence for AGN feedback from CO observations , 2013, 1311.2595.

[2]  S. Veilleux,et al.  The Mrk 231 molecular outflow as seen in OH , 2013, 1310.3074.

[3]  F. Bournaud,et al.  Delayed star formation in high-redshift stream-fed galaxies , 2013, 1310.1923.

[4]  A. Dekel,et al.  Wet Disc Contraction to Galactic Blue Nuggets and Quenching to Red Nuggets , 2013, 1310.1074.

[5]  R. Teyssier,et al.  Evolution of the mass, size, and star formation rate in high redshift merging galaxies - MIRAGE – A new sample of simulations with detailed stellar feedback , 2013, 1307.7130.

[6]  G. Bryan,et al.  Cosmic ray driven outflows in global galaxy disc models , 2013, 1307.6215.

[7]  G. Zamorani,et al.  THE SINS/zC-SINF SURVEY OF z ∼ 2 GALAXY KINEMATICS: EVIDENCE FOR POWERFUL ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS-DRIVEN NUCLEAR OUTFLOWS IN MASSIVE STAR-FORMING GALAXIES , 2013, 1311.2596.

[8]  S. Ravindranath,et al.  THE PROGENITORS OF THE COMPACT EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT , 2013, 1310.3819.

[9]  S. Veilleux,et al.  FAST MOLECULAR OUTFLOWS IN LUMINOUS GALAXY MERGERS: EVIDENCE FOR QUASAR FEEDBACK FROM HERSCHEL , 2013, 1308.3139.

[10]  D. Elbaz,et al.  THE LONG LIVES OF GIANT CLUMPS AND THE BIRTH OF OUTFLOWS IN GAS-RICH GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT , 2013, The Astrophysical Journal.

[11]  J. Bernard-Salas,et al.  DIAGNOSTICS OF AGN-DRIVEN MOLECULAR OUTFLOWS IN ULIRGs FROM HERSCHEL-PACS OBSERVATIONS OF OH AT 119 μm , 2013, 1307.6224.

[12]  R. Teyssier,et al.  A sub-parsec resolution simulation of the Milky Way: global structure of the interstellar medium and properties of molecular clouds , 2013, 1307.5639.

[13]  A. Goulding,et al.  BLACK HOLE VARIABILITY AND THE STAR FORMATION–ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS CONNECTION: DO ALL STAR-FORMING GALAXIES HOST AN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS? , 2013, 1306.3218.

[14]  F. Bournaud,et al.  Simulations of supermassive black hole growth in high-redshift disc galaxies , 2013, 1306.2954.

[15]  L. Ho,et al.  Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies: Supplemental Material , 2013, 1304.7762.

[16]  S. Kay,et al.  A study of AGN and supernova feedback in simulations of isolated and merging disc galaxies , 2013, 1304.0443.

[17]  S. Veilleux,et al.  THE MULTIPHASE STRUCTURE AND POWER SOURCES OF GALACTIC WINDS IN MAJOR MERGERS , 2013, 1303.6866.

[18]  C. Carollo,et al.  GAS REGULATION OF GALAXIES: THE EVOLUTION OF THE COSMIC SPECIFIC STAR FORMATION RATE, THE METALLICITY–MASS–STAR-FORMATION RATE RELATION, AND THE STELLAR CONTENT OF HALOS , 2013, 1303.5059.

[19]  A. Dekel,et al.  Toy models for galaxy formation versus simulations , 2013, 1303.3009.

[20]  R. Thacker,et al.  A comparative study of AGN feedback algorithms , 2013, 1302.5420.

[21]  A. Dekel,et al.  Steady outflows in giant clumps of high-z disc galaxies during migration and growth by accretion , 2013, 1302.4457.

[22]  R. Thacker,et al.  Accretion disc particle accretion in major merger simulations , 2013, 1301.7427.

[23]  J. Silk,et al.  AGN-driven quenching of star formation: morphological and dynamical implications for early-type galaxies , 2013, 1301.3092.

[24]  J. Trump,et al.  WIDESPREAD AND HIDDEN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI IN STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT REDSHIFT >0.3 , 2012, 1211.6436.

[25]  J. Silk,et al.  Blowing cold flows away: the impact of early AGN activity on the formation of a brightest cluster galaxy progenitor , 2012, 1206.5838.

[26]  R. Teyssier,et al.  Cusp-core transformations in dwarf galaxies: observational predictions , 2012, 1206.4895.

[27]  N. Scott,et al.  THE MBH–LSPHEROID RELATION AT HIGH AND LOW MASSES, THE QUADRATIC GROWTH OF BLACK HOLES, AND INTERMEDIATE-MASS BLACK HOLE CANDIDATES , 2012, 1211.3199.

[28]  K. Schawinski,et al.  MODERATE-LUMINOSITY GROWING BLACK HOLES FROM 1.25 < z < 2.7: VARIED ACCRETION IN DISK-DOMINATED HOSTS , 2012, 1211.0278.

[29]  G. Canalizo,et al.  PROBING THE –σ* RELATION IN THE NON-LOCAL UNIVERSE USING RED QSOs , 2012, 1210.1894.

[30]  E. Treister,et al.  MAJOR GALAXY MERGERS ONLY TRIGGER THE MOST LUMINOUS ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI , 2012, 1209.5393.

[31]  G. Zamorani,et al.  THE SINS/zC-SINF SURVEY of z ∼ 2 GALAXY KINEMATICS: OUTFLOW PROPERTIES , 2012, 1207.5897.

[32]  M. Villar-Martin,et al.  The importance of galaxy interactions in triggering type II quasar activity , 2012, 1207.3260.

[33]  Carnegie,et al.  CANDELS: THE PROGENITORS OF COMPACT QUIESCENT GALAXIES AT z ∼ 2 , 2012, 1206.5000.

[34]  J. Moustakas,et al.  HIGH-VELOCITY OUTFLOWS WITHOUT AGN FEEDBACK: EDDINGTON-LIMITED STAR FORMATION IN COMPACT MASSIVE GALAXIES , 2012, 1205.2368.

[35]  A. M. Swinbank,et al.  Energetic galaxy-wide outflows in high-redshift ultraluminous infrared galaxies hosting AGN activity , 2012, 1205.1801.

[36]  R. Maiolino,et al.  The physics and the structure of the quasar-driven outflow in Mrk 231 , 2012, 1204.5881.

[37]  E. Quataert,et al.  The physics of galactic winds driven by active galactic nuclei , 2012, 1204.2547.

[38]  A. Cimatti,et al.  The mean star formation rate of X-ray selected active galaxies and its evolution from z~2.5: results from PEP-Herschel , 2012, 1203.6069.

[39]  A. Dekel,et al.  On the effect of cosmological inflow on turbulence and instability in galactic discs , 2012, 1203.0810.

[40]  T. Ensslin,et al.  Galactic winds driven by cosmic ray streaming , 2012, 1203.1038.

[41]  A. Marconi,et al.  Observational evidence of quasar feedback quenching star formation at high redshift , 2011, 1112.3071.

[42]  R. Neri,et al.  Detection of HCN, HCO+, and HNC in the Mrk 231 molecular outflow. Dense molecular gas in the AGN wind , 2011, 1111.6762.

[43]  R. Teyssier,et al.  Self-regulated growth of supermassive black holes by a dual jet-heating active galactic nucleus feedback mechanism: methods, tests and implications for cosmological simulations , 2011, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

[44]  Harvard,et al.  Stellar feedback and bulge formation in clumpy discs , 2011, 1111.6591.

[45]  Irap Toulouse,et al.  Physical properties of galactic winds using background quasars , 2011, 1110.5877.

[46]  P. Hopkins,et al.  Stellar Feedback in Galaxies and the Origin of Galaxy-scale Winds , 2011, 1110.4638.

[47]  P. Hopkins,et al.  The structure of the interstellar medium of star‐forming galaxies , 2011, 1110.4636.

[48]  Kirpal Nandra,et al.  CANDELS: CONSTRAINING THE AGN–MERGER CONNECTION WITH HOST MORPHOLOGIES AT z ∼ 2 , 2011, 1109.2588.

[49]  G. Barro,et al.  Are luminous radio-loud active galactic nuclei triggered by galaxy interactions? , 2011, 1109.0021.

[50]  V. Bennert,et al.  HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE IMAGING OF POST-STARBURST QUASARS , 2011, 1108.6281.

[51]  K. Finlator,et al.  An analytic model for the evolution of the stellar, gas and metal content of galaxies , 2011, 1108.0426.

[52]  E. Quataert,et al.  Galaxy-scale outflows driven by active galactic nuclei , 2011, 1107.5579.

[53]  M. Lehnert,et al.  The Na D profiles of nearby low-power radio sources: jets powering outflows , 2011, 1107.1037.

[54]  R. Teyssier,et al.  The formation of the brightest cluster galaxies in cosmological simulations: the case for AGN feedback , 2011, 1106.5371.

[55]  P. T. de Zeeuw,et al.  DISCOVERY OF AN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS DRIVEN MOLECULAR OUTFLOW IN THE LOCAL EARLY-TYPE GALAXY NGC 1266 , 2011, 1104.2326.

[56]  A. Omont,et al.  The dynamics of the ionized and molecular interstellar medium in powerful obscured quasars at z≥ 3.5 , 2011, 1104.0937.

[57]  S. Veilleux,et al.  INTEGRAL FIELD SPECTROSCOPY OF MASSIVE, KILOPARSEC-SCALE OUTFLOWS IN THE INFRARED-LUMINOUS QSO Mrk 231 , 2011, 1102.4349.

[58]  B. M'enard,et al.  RADIATION PRESSURE FROM MASSIVE STAR CLUSTERS AS A LAUNCHING MECHANISM FOR SUPER-GALACTIC WINDS , 2010, 1005.4419.

[59]  Leiden,et al.  Quenching massive galaxies with on-the-fly feedback in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations , 2010, 1012.3166.

[60]  Andreas Burkert,et al.  SHORT-LIVED STAR-FORMING GIANT CLUMPS IN COSMOLOGICAL SIMULATIONS OF z ≈ 2 DISKS , 2010, 1011.0433.

[61]  Takamitsu Miyaji,et al.  THE BULK OF THE BLACK HOLE GROWTH SINCE z ∼ 1 OCCURS IN A SECULAR UNIVERSE: NO MAJOR MERGER–AGN CONNECTION , 2010, 1009.3265.

[62]  T. Treu,et al.  A LOCAL BASELINE OF THE BLACK HOLE MASS SCALING RELATIONS FOR ACTIVE GALAXIES. I. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS OF PILOT STUDY , 2010, 1008.4602.

[63]  J. Ostriker,et al.  FEEDBACK FROM CENTRAL BLACK HOLES IN ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES: TWO-DIMENSIONAL MODELS COMPARED TO ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODELS , 2010, 1007.3505.

[64]  J. N. Reeves,et al.  Evidence for ultra-fast outflows in radio-quiet AGNs - I. Detection and statistical incidence of Fe K-shell absorption lines , 2010, 1006.2858.

[65]  R. Maiolino,et al.  Quasar feedback revealed by giant molecular outflows , 2010, 1006.1655.

[66]  E. Choi,et al.  MOMENTUM DRIVING: WHICH PHYSICAL PROCESSES DOMINATE ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS FEEDBACK? , 2010, 1004.2923.

[67]  R. Teyssier,et al.  Jet-regulated cooling catastrophe , 2010, 1004.1851.

[68]  B. Weiner,et al.  A study of the gas–star formation relation over cosmic time , 2010, 1003.5180.

[69]  R. Teyssier,et al.  Mass distribution in galaxy clusters: the role of Active Galactic Nuclei feedback , 2010, 1003.4744.

[70]  S. Nayakshin,et al.  The accretion disc particle method for simulations of black hole feeding and feedback , 2010, 1003.0605.

[71]  J. Ostriker,et al.  FEEDBACK FROM CENTRAL BLACK HOLES IN ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES. III. MODELS WITH BOTH RADIATIVE AND MECHANICAL FEEDBACK , 2010, 1003.0578.

[72]  G. Cresci,et al.  THE IMPACT OF COLD GAS ACCRETION ABOVE A MASS FLOOR ON GALAXY SCALING RELATIONS , 2009, 0912.1858.

[73]  A. Dekel,et al.  High-redshift clumpy discs and bulges in cosmological simulations , 2009, 0907.3271.

[74]  Sergei Nayakshin,et al.  Simulations of momentum feedback by black hole winds , 2009, 0911.2434.

[75]  A. R. King,et al.  Black Hole Outflows , 2009, 0911.1639.

[76]  A. Coil,et al.  Host galaxy morphologies of X-ray selected AGN: assessing the significance of different black hole fuelling mechanisms to the accretion density of the Universe at z∼ 1. , 2009, 0904.3747.

[77]  J. Schaye,et al.  Cosmological simulations of the growth of supermassive black holes and feedback from active galactic nuclei: method and tests , 2009, 0904.2572.

[78]  J. Trump,et al.  ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS HOST GALAXY MORPHOLOGIES IN COSMOS , 2009 .

[79]  Daniel Ceverino,et al.  FORMATION OF MASSIVE GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT: COLD STREAMS, CLUMPY DISKS, AND COMPACT SPHEROIDS , 2009, 0901.2458.

[80]  Nickolay Y. Gnedin,et al.  MODELING MOLECULAR HYDROGEN AND STAR FORMATION IN COSMOLOGICAL SIMULATIONS , 2008, 0810.4148.

[81]  B. Garilli,et al.  ONGOING AND CO-EVOLVING STAR FORMATION IN zCOSMOS GALAXIES HOSTING ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI , 2008, 0810.3653.

[82]  T. Lauer,et al.  DISSIPATION AND EXTRA LIGHT IN GALACTIC NUCLEI. II. “CUSP” ELLIPTICALS , 2008, 0805.3533.

[83]  UCOLick,et al.  UBIQUITOUS OUTFLOWS IN DEEP2 SPECTRA OF STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT z = 1.4 , 2008, 0804.4686.

[84]  P. Hopkins,et al.  A semi-analytic model for the co-evolution of galaxies, black holes and active galactic nuclei , 2008, 0808.1227.

[85]  N. Bennert,et al.  Evidence for Merger Remnants in Early-Type Host Galaxies of Low-Redshift QSOs , 2008, 0801.0832.

[86]  P. Hopkins,et al.  A Cosmological Framework for the Co-Evolution of Quasars, Supermassive Black Holes, and Elliptical Galaxies. II. Formation of Red Ellipticals , 2007, 0706.1246.

[87]  T. Treu,et al.  Cosmic Evolution of Black Holes and Spheroids. II. Scaling Relations at z = 0.36 , 2007, 0706.0519.

[88]  Alister W. Graham,et al.  The black hole mass – spheroid luminosity relation , 2007, 0705.0618.

[89]  M. Krumholz,et al.  Slow Star Formation in Dense Gas: Evidence and Implications , 2006, astro-ph/0606277.

[90]  B. Oppenheimer,et al.  Cosmological simulations of intergalactic medium enrichment from galactic outflows , 2006, astro-ph/0605651.

[91]  J. Lehár,et al.  Probing the Coevolution of Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxies Using Gravitationally Lensed Quasar Hosts , 2006, astro-ph/0603248.

[92]  P. Hopkins,et al.  Fueling Low-Level AGN Activity through Stochastic Accretion of Cold Gas , 2006, astro-ph/0603180.

[93]  C. Steidel,et al.  The Mass-Metallicity Relation at z≳2 , 2006, astro-ph/0602473.

[94]  G. Stinson,et al.  Star formation and feedback in smoothed particle hydrodynamic simulations – I. Isolated galaxies , 2006, astro-ph/0602350.

[95]  A. Dekel,et al.  Modelling the galaxy bimodality: shutdown above a critical halo mass , 2006, astro-ph/0601295.

[96]  G. Kauffmann,et al.  The many lives of active galactic nuclei: cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colour , 2005, astro-ph/0508046.

[97]  P. Hopkins,et al.  A Unified, Merger-driven Model of the Origin of Starbursts, Quasars, the Cosmic X-Ray Background, Supermassive Black Holes, and Galaxy Spheroids , 2005, astro-ph/0506398.

[98]  R. Teyssier,et al.  The history of the baryon budget Cosmic logistics in a hierarchical universe , 2022 .

[99]  Volker Springel,et al.  The Many lives of AGN: Cooling flows, black holes and the luminosities and colours of galaxies , 2006, astro-ph/0602065.

[100]  Oxford,et al.  Breaking the hierarchy of galaxy formation , 2005, astro-ph/0511338.

[101]  S. Ravindranath,et al.  AGN Host Galaxies at z ~ 0.4-1.3: Bulge-dominated and Lacking Merger-AGN Connection , 2005, astro-ph/0507091.

[102]  Institute for Astronomy,et al.  Outflows in Infrared-Luminous Starbursts at z < 0.5. II. Analysis and Discussion , 2005, astro-ph/0506611.

[103]  P. Hopkins,et al.  The Evolution of the MBH-σ Relation , 2005, astro-ph/0506038.

[104]  M. Begelman,et al.  Self-regulated black hole accretion, the M−σ relation and the growth of bulges in galaxies , 2005, astro-ph/0504400.

[105]  T. D. Matteo,et al.  Energy input from quasars regulates the growth and activity of black holes and their host galaxies , 2005, Nature.

[106]  J. Ostriker,et al.  Radiative feedback from quasars and the growth of massive black holes in stellar spheroids , 2004, astro-ph/0411086.

[107]  C. Martin Mapping Large-Scale Gaseous Outflows in Ultraluminous Galaxies with Keck II ESI Spectra: Variations in Outflow Velocity with Galactic Mass , 2004, astro-ph/0410247.

[108]  V. Springel,et al.  SUBMITTED TO THE ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS Preprint typeset using LATEX style emulateapj v. 9/08/03 BLACK HOLES IN GALAXY MERGERS: THE FORMATION OF RED ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES , 2004 .

[109]  E. Quataert,et al.  On the Maximum Luminosity of Galaxies and Their Central Black Holes: Feedback from Momentum-driven Winds , 2004, astro-ph/0406070.

[110]  A. Dekel,et al.  Galaxy bimodality due to cold flows and shock heating , 2004, astro-ph/0412300.

[111]  T. Treu,et al.  The Relation Between Black Hole Mass and Velocity Dispersion at z ~ 0.37 , 2004, astro-ph/0410007.

[112]  R. Klein,et al.  Embedding Lagrangian Sink Particles in Eulerian Grids , 2003, astro-ph/0312612.

[113]  A. Marconi,et al.  The Relation between Black Hole Mass, Bulge Mass, and Near-Infrared Luminosity , 2003, astro-ph/0304274.

[114]  A. Loeb,et al.  Self-regulated Growth of Supermassive Black Holes in Galaxies as the Origin of the Optical and X-Ray Luminosity Functions of Quasars , 2003, astro-ph/0304156.

[115]  D. York,et al.  A Catalog of Broad Absorption Line Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Early Data Release , 2003, astro-ph/0603070.

[116]  V. Springel,et al.  Cosmological smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations: a hybrid multiphase model for star formation , 2002, astro-ph/0206393.

[117]  France.,et al.  Gas accretion on spiral galaxies: Bar formation and renewal , 2002, astro-ph/0206273.

[118]  S. Tremaine,et al.  The Slope of the Black Hole Mass versus Velocity Dispersion Correlation , 2002, astro-ph/0203468.

[119]  R. Teyssier c ○ ESO 2002 Astronomy Astrophysics , 2002 .

[120]  J. Dunlop,et al.  On the black hole–bulge mass relation in active and inactive galaxies , 2001, astro-ph/0201081.

[121]  L. Ciotti,et al.  Cooling Flows and Quasars. II. Detailed Models of Feedback-modulated Accretion Flows , 1999, astro-ph/9912064.

[122]  Ralf Bender,et al.  A Relationship between Nuclear Black Hole Mass and Galaxy Velocity Dispersion , 2000, astro-ph/0006289.

[123]  D. Merritt,et al.  A Fundamental Relation between Supermassive Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies , 2000, astro-ph/0006053.

[124]  A. Fabian THE OBSCURED GROWTH OF MASSIVE BLACK HOLES , 1999, astro-ph/9908064.

[125]  S. Tremaine,et al.  The Demography of Massive Dark Objects in Galaxy Centers , 1997, astro-ph/9708072.

[126]  M. Rees,et al.  High-redshift galaxies, their active nuclei and central black holes , 1997, astro-ph/9712259.

[127]  Richard I. Klein,et al.  The Jeans Condition: A New Constraint on Spatial Resolution in Simulations of Isothermal Self-Gravitational Hydrodynamics , 1997 .

[128]  J. Ostriker,et al.  Cooling Flows and Quasars: Different Aspects of the Same Phenomenon? I. Concepts , 1997, astro-ph/9706281.

[129]  L. Hernquist,et al.  Transformations of Galaxies. II. Gasdynamics in Merging Disk Galaxies: Addendum , 1996 .

[130]  D. Weinberg,et al.  Cosmological Simulations with TreeSPH , 1995, astro-ph/9509107.

[131]  John Kormendy,et al.  Inward Bound—The Search for Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei , 1995 .

[132]  M. Dopita,et al.  Cooling functions for low-density astrophysical plasmas , 1993 .

[133]  L. Hernquist,et al.  Fueling Starburst Galaxies with Gas-rich Mergers , 1991 .

[134]  L. Cowie,et al.  The interaction between the blast wave of a supernova remnant and interstellar clouds. , 1975 .

[135]  H. Bondi,et al.  On spherically symmetrical accretion , 1952 .

[136]  F. Hoyle,et al.  On the Mechanism of Accretion by Stars , 1944 .

[137]  F. Hoyle,et al.  The effect of interstellar matter on climatic variation , 1939, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.

[138]  A. Eddington On the radiative equilibrium of the stars , 1916 .