Particulate matter concentrations and their related metal toxicity in rural residential environment of semi-arid region of India

Abstract The concentration of PM10, PM5.0, PM2.5 and PM1 were measured in the indoor–outdoor environment of rural homes of North central part of India during winter, summer and rainy seasons for the time duration of October 2007 to March 2009. Seven trace metals (Pb, Cd, Ni, Fe, Cr, Mn and Cu) were also determined in PM2.5 from October 2007 to March 2009 in the indoor–outdoor environment. During the study period the annual average concentration for PM10, PM5.0, PM2.5 and PM1 in indoor and outdoor were 242.53 μg m−3 and 217.76 μg m−3, 203.57 μg m−3 and 180.42 μg m−3, 164.60 μg m−3 and 143.07 μg m−3, 106.23 μg m−3 and 105.17 μg m−3 respectively. Concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 have been compared with prescribed WHO standards and NAAQS standards of India and were found to be much higher. Significant seasonal variations of particulate pollutants were obtained using the monthly average concentration of coarse and fine particulate matter. Indoor/outdoor ratios at the rural sites were also determined with the meteorological parameters like temperature, humidity, wind speed and air exchange rate. Chromium was found to have the highest excess cancer risk in a risk evaluation using an Integrated Risk Information System. Three factors each in indoor and outdoor environment of rural site have been identified using Principal Component Analysis & Positive Matrix Factorization.

[1]  Ajay Taneja,et al.  Seasonal trends of PM10, PM5.0, PM2.5 & PM1.0 in indoor and outdoor environments of residential homes located in North-Central India , 2012 .

[2]  Tracy L. Thatcher,et al.  Deposition, resuspension, and penetration of particles within a residence , 1995 .

[3]  Ajay Taneja,et al.  Children’s Exposure to Indoor Particulate Matter in Naturally Ventilated Schools in India , 2011 .

[4]  Michael J. Kleeman,et al.  Size and Composition Distribution of Fine Particulate Matter Emitted from Wood Burning, Meat Charbroiling, and Cigarettes , 1999 .

[5]  Ajay Taneja,et al.  Metal concentration of PM(2.5) and PM(10) particles and seasonal variations in urban and rural environment of Agra, India. , 2009, The Science of the total environment.

[6]  J. Masih,et al.  Indoor/outdoor relationship of fine particles less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) in residential homes locations in central Indian region , 2009 .

[7]  C. Chan,et al.  Air pollution in mega cities in China , 2008 .

[8]  M. Kulkarni.  Source Apportionment of Human Exposure to Particulates in Mumbai, India , 2006 .

[9]  Sumi Mehta,et al.  Indoor air pollution associated with household fuel use in India : an exposure assessment and modeling exercise in rural districts of Andhra Pradesh , 2004 .

[10]  A. Masih,et al.  Indoor/outdoor relationships of carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen in domestic homes with roadside, urban and rural locations in a central Indian region. , 2005, Indoor air.

[11]  K. Moorthy,et al.  Impact of Precipitation on Aerosol Spectral Optical Depth and Retrieved Size Distributions: A Case Study , 2004 .

[12]  B. Nyarko,et al.  Assessment of atmospheric heavy metal deposition in the Tarkwa gold mining area of Ghana using epiphytic lichens , 2010 .

[13]  J. Masih,et al.  Chemical characterization of water-soluble aerosols in different residential environments of semi aridregion of India , 2009 .

[14]  Source apportionment of personal exposure of fine particulates among school communities in India , 2008, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[15]  Byeong-Kyu Lee,et al.  Characteristics of particulate matter and metals in the ambient air from a residential area in the largest industrial city in Korea , 2010 .

[16]  Giovanni Lonati,et al.  Size distribution of atmospheric particulate matter at traffic exposed sites in the urban area of Milan (Italy) , 2006 .

[17]  S. Pervez,et al.  Investigation of personal-indoor-outdoor particulate relationships in welding workshops , 2005 .

[18]  Guoliang Cao,et al.  Investigation on emission factors of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants from crop residue burning. , 2008, Journal of environmental sciences.

[19]  S. Konishi,et al.  A new approach based on a covariance structure model to source apportionment of indoor fine particles in Tokyo , 1994 .

[20]  Source investigation of personal particulates in relation to identify major routes of exposure among urban residentials , 2007 .

[21]  Philip K. Hopke,et al.  Indoor air pollution from particulate matter emissions in different households in rural areas of Bangladesh , 2009 .

[22]  J. Chow,et al.  Seasonal variations and mass closure analysis of particulate matter in Hong Kong. , 2006, The Science of the total environment.

[23]  Martin Branis,et al.  The effect of outdoor air and indoor human activity on mass concentrations of PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(1) in a classroom. , 2005, Environmental research.

[24]  J. Schauer.  Evaluation of elemental carbon as a marker for diesel particulate matter , 2003, Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology.

[25]  J. Samet,et al.  Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute lower respiratory infections in children , 2000, Thorax.

[26]  Renuka Saini,et al.  Indoor Air Quality of Houses Located in the Urban Environment of Agra, India , 2008, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[27]  Judith C. Chow,et al.  Impact of Different Household Fuel Use on Source Apportionment Results of House-Indoor RPM in Central India , 2012 .

[28]  Kwangsik Park,et al.  Monitoring of ambient particles and heavy metals in a residential area of Seoul, Korea , 2008, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[29]  Ken R. Smith.  Indoor Air Pollution , 1999 .

[30]  A. Lai,et al.  Modeling of cooking-emitted particle dispersion and deposition in a residential flat: A real room application , 2007 .

[31]  B. Ostro,et al.  Fine particulate air pollution and mortality in two Southern California counties. , 1995, Environmental research.

[32]  T. Prentice.  World Health Report , 2013 .

[33]  M. Viana,et al.  Partitioning of major and trace components in PM10–PM2.5–PM1 at an urban site in Southern Europe , 2008 .

[34]  Jang-Pyo Cheong,et al.  Relationships between indoor and outdoor air quality during the summer season in Korea , 1997 .

[35]  J C Chow,et al.  Characteristics and source apportionment of PM1 emissions at a roadside station. , 2011, Journal of hazardous materials.