Neighbor Selection in Peer-to-Peer Overlay Networks: A Swarm Intelligence Approach

Peer-to-peer (P2P) topology has a significant influence on the performance, search efficiency and functionality, and scalability of the application. In this chapter, we investigate a multi-swarm approach to the problem of neighbor selection in P2P networks. Particle swarm share some common characteristics with P2P in the dynamic socially environment. Each particle encodes the upper half of the peer-connection matrix through the undirected graph, which reduces the search space dimension. The portion of the adjustment to the velocity influenced by the individual’s cognition, the group cognition from multi-swarms, and the social cognition from the whole swarm, makes an important influence on the particles’ ergodic and synergetic performance. We also attempt to theoretically prove that the multi-swarm optimization algorithm converges with a probability of 1 towards the global optima. The performance of our approach is evaluated and compared with other two different algorithms. The results indicate that it usually required shorter time to obtain better results than the other considered methods, specially for large scale problems.

[1]  Alhussein A. Abouzeid,et al.  Optimizing random walk search algorithms in P2P networks , 2007, Comput. Networks.

[2]  Sai Ho Kwok.  P2P searching trends: 2002-2004 , 2006, Inf. Process. Manag..

[3]  Michela Meo,et al.  QoS content management for P2P file-sharing applications , 2008, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[4]  Lakshminarayanan Subramanian,et al.  An investigation of geographic mapping techniques for internet hosts , 2001, SIGCOMM.

[5]  Pablo Rodriguez,et al.  Performance Analysis of Peer-to-Peer Networks for File Distribution , 2004, QofIS.

[6]  Simon G. M. Koo,et al.  On neighbor-selection strategy in hybrid peer-to-peer networks , 2006, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[7]  Maurice Clerc,et al.  The particle swarm - explosion, stability, and convergence in a multidimensional complex space , 2002, IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput..

[8]  Xiang Li,et al.  Peer-to-Peer in Metric Space and Semantic Space , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering.

[9]  Hermann de Meer,et al.  Implementation of Adaptive Control for P2P Overlays , 2003, IWAN.

[10]  Jing J. Liang,et al.  Comprehensive learning particle swarm optimizer for global optimization of multimodal functions , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation.

[11]  Luca Maria Gambardella,et al.  Effective Neighborhood Functions for the Flexible Job Shop Problem , 1998 .

[12]  Yoon Ho Cho,et al.  A user-oriented contents recommendation system in peer-to-peer architecture , 2004, Expert Syst. Appl..

[13]  Ricardo Conejo,et al.  Coalition Formation in P2P File Sharing Systems , 2005, CAEPIA.

[14]  David E. Goldberg,et al.  Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization and Machine Learning , 1988 .

[15]  L Hongbo,et al.  An Hybrid Fuzzy Variable Neighborhood Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Solving Quadratic Assignment Problems , 2007 .

[16]  Rüdiger Schollmeier,et al.  A definition of peer-to-peer networking for the classification of peer-to-peer architectures and applications , 2001, Proceedings First International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing.

[17]  Wen-Jing Hsu,et al.  ABC: A Cluster-Based Protocol for Resource Location in Peer-to-Peer Systems , 2004, IPDPS.

[18]  Stephen J. H. Yang,et al.  A social network-based system for supporting interactive collaboration in knowledge sharing over peer-to-peer network , 2008, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[19]  Balachander Krishnamurthy,et al.  Topology modeling via cluster graphs , 2001, IMW '01.

[20]  Anne-Marie Kermarrec,et al.  Peer to peer size estimation in large and dynamic networks: A comparative study , 2006, 2006 15th IEEE International Conference on High Performance Distributed Computing.

[21]  Edoardo Ardizzone,et al.  Enhanced P2P Services Providing Multimedia Content , 2007, Adv. Multim..

[22]  Jia Wang,et al.  Analyzing peer-to-peer traffic across large networks , 2004, IEEE/ACM Trans. Netw..

[23]  R.A. Ghanea-Hercock,et al.  Self-Organizing and Adaptive Peer-to-Peer Network , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics).

[24]  Ajith Abraham,et al.  Chaotic dynamic characteristics in swarm intelligence , 2007, Appl. Soft Comput..

[25]  Mark Levene,et al.  A stochastic evolutionary growth model for social networks , 2007, Comput. Networks.

[26]  Ajith Abraham,et al.  SEARCH OPTIMIZATION USING HYBRID PARTICLE SUB- SWARMS AND EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS , 2005 .

[27]  Lakshmish Ramaswamy,et al.  A distributed approach to node clustering in decentralized peer-to-peer networks , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[28]  Dipak Ghosal,et al.  P2P contracts: a framework for resource and service exchange , 2005, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[29]  Ioan Cristian Trelea,et al.  The particle swarm optimization algorithm: convergence analysis and parameter selection , 2003, Inf. Process. Lett..

[30]  Yu-Kwong Kwok,et al.  On Localized Application-Driven Topology Control for Energy-Efficient Wireless Peer-to-Peer File Sharing , 2008 .

[31]  Bo Li,et al.  Particle Swarm Optimisation from lbest to gbest , 2004, WSC.

[32]  Leonard Kleinrock,et al.  Optimal Search Performance in Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks With Clustered Demands , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Communications.

[33]  Simon G. M. Koo,et al.  A genetic-algorithm-based neighbor-selection strategy for hybrid peer-to-peer networks , 2004, Proceedings. 13th International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (IEEE Cat. No.04EX969).

[34]  Goldberg,et al.  Genetic algorithms , 1993, Robust Control Systems with Genetic Algorithms.

[35]  Akihiro Nakao,et al.  A routing underlay for overlay networks , 2003, SIGCOMM '03.

[36]  Sy-Yen Kuo,et al.  On the fundamental performance limits of peer-to-peer data replication in wireless ad hoc networks , 2007, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[37]  Hassan M. Emara,et al.  Clubs-based Particle Swarm Optimization , 2007, 2007 IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium.

[38]  Jun Li,et al.  Scalable supernode selection in peer-to-peer overlay networks , 2005 .

[39]  Andries Petrus Engelbrecht,et al.  A study of particle swarm optimization particle trajectories , 2006, Inf. Sci..

[40]  Imtiaz Ahmad,et al.  Particle swarm optimization for task assignment problem , 2002, Microprocess. Microsystems.

[41]  Ajith Abraham,et al.  Swarm Intelligence: Foundations, Perspectives and Applications , 2006, Swarm Intelligent Systems.

[42]  Diego Perino,et al.  PULSE: An Adaptive, Incentive-Based, Unstructured P2P Live Streaming System , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia.

[43]  Ran He,et al.  An Improved Particle Swarm Optimization Based on Self-Adaptive Escape Velocity , 2005 .

[44]  Richard M. Karp,et al.  Load balancing in dynamic structured peer-to-peer systems , 2006, Perform. Evaluation.

[45]  Gerhard Haßlinger,et al.  Potentials and challenges of peer-to-peer based content distribution , 2007, Telematics Informatics.

[46]  Arun K. Somani,et al.  CompuP2P: An Architecture for Internet Computing Using Peer-to-Peer Networks , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[47]  John C.-I. Chuang,et al.  Service differentiated peer selection: an incentive mechanism for peer-to-peer media streaming , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia.

[48]  Mihaela van der Schaar,et al.  Collaborative resource exchanges for peer-to-peer video streaming over wireless mesh networks , 2007, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications.

[49]  John H. Holland,et al.  Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems: An Introductory Analysis with Applications to Biology, Control, and Artificial Intelligence , 1992 .

[50]  Li Xiao,et al.  Approaching optimal peer-to-peer overlays , 2005, 13th IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis, and Simulation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems.

[51]  Dongyu Qiu,et al.  Global stability of Peer-to-Peer file sharing systems , 2008, Comput. Commun..

[52]  Schahram Dustdar,et al.  OMNIX: A Topology-Independent P2P Middleware , 2003, CAiSE Workshops.

[53]  L. Darrell Whitley,et al.  Fundamental Principles of Deception in Genetic Search , 1990, FOGA.

[54]  M. Clerc,et al.  Particle Swarm Optimization , 2006 .

[55]  Vincenza Carchiolo,et al.  Emerging structures of P2P networks induced by social relationships , 2008, Comput. Commun..

[56]  Jörn Altmann,et al.  A Market-Managed Topology Formation Algorithm for Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Networks , 2006, ICQT.

[57]  Diomidis Spinellis,et al.  A survey of peer-to-peer content distribution technologies , 2004, CSUR.

[58]  Jim Dowling,et al.  Discovery of Stable Peers in a Self-organising Peer-to-Peer Gradient Topology , 2006, DAIS.

[59]  Yu-Kwong Kwok,et al.  An Efficient and Practical Greedy Algorithm for Server-Peer Selection in Wireless Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Networks , 2005, MSN.

[60]  Lakshminarayanan Subramanian,et al.  An investigation of geographic mapping techniques for internet hosts , 2001, SIGCOMM 2001.

[61]  Christian Scheideler,et al.  Supervised peer-to-peer systems , 2005, 8th International Symposium on Parallel Architectures,Algorithms and Networks (ISPAN'05).

[62]  Tim Moors,et al.  Survey of research towards robust peer-to-peer networks: Search methods , 2006, Comput. Networks.

[63]  Jon Crowcroft,et al.  A survey and comparison of peer-to-peer overlay network schemes , 2005, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[64]  Ajith Abraham,et al.  131: Evolutionary Computation , 2005 .

[65]  Jiang Chuanwen,et al.  A hybrid method of chaotic particle swarm optimization and linear interior for reactive power optimisation , 2005, Math. Comput. Simul..

[66]  Xiang Xu.  WITHDRAWN: ABC: A cluster-based protocol for resource location in peer-to-peer systems , 2005 .

[67]  Dimitrios Gunopulos,et al.  pFusion: A P2P Architecture for Internet-Scale Content-Based Search and Retrieval , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[68]  Ming-Syan Chen,et al.  PeerCluster: A Cluster-Based Peer-to-Peer System , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[69]  Alex Galis,et al.  Stochastic maintenance of overlays in structured P2P systems , 2008, Comput. Commun..

[70]  Haengrae Cho.  An Update Propagation Algorithm for P2P File Sharing over Wireless Mobile Networks , 2007, International Conference on Computational Science.