All 3D-printed stretchable piezoelectric nanogenerator with non-protruding kirigami structure

Abstract With the advancement of wearable electronics, stretchable energy harvesters are attractive to reduce the need of frequent charging of wearable devices. In this work, a stretchable kirigami piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) based on barium titanate (BaTiO3) nanoparticles, Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) matrix, and silver flakes-based electrode is fabricated in an all-3D printable process suited for additive manufacturing. The 3D printable extrusion ink is formulated for facile solvent evaporation during layer formation to enable heterogenous multilayer stacking. A well-designed modified T-joint-cut kirigami structure is realized to attain a non-protruding, high structural stretchability performance, overcoming the out-of-plane displacement of the typical kirigami structure and therefore enabling the pressing-mode of a kirigami-structured PENG. This PENG can be stretched to more than 300% strain, which shows a great potential for application in wearable electronic systems. Furthermore, a self-powered gait sensor is demonstrated using this PENG.

[1]  Amir Khajepour,et al.  Piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators: Trends and impacts , 2018, Nano Today.

[2]  Barbara Mazzolai,et al.  Two-Photon Lithography of 3D Nanocomposite Piezoelectric Scaffolds for Cell Stimulation. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[3]  Francois Costa,et al.  Piezoelectric generator harvesting bike vibrations energy to supply portable devices , 2008 .

[4]  Pooi See Lee,et al.  Enhanced ferroelectric switching characteristics of P(VDF-TrFE) for organic memory devices. , 2010, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[5]  Timothy C. Green,et al.  Energy Harvesting From Human and Machine Motion for Wireless Electronic Devices , 2008, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[6]  Wei Liu,et al.  Theoretical study on two-dimensional MoS2 piezoelectric nanogenerators , 2016, Nano Research.

[7]  Gait training using a stationary, one-leg gait exercise assist robot for chronic stroke hemiplegia: a case report , 2018, Journal of physical therapy science.

[8]  Saso Koceski,et al.  Review: Robot Devices for Gait Rehabilitation , 2013 .

[9]  Xiujian Chou,et al.  Highly skin-conformal wearable tactile sensor based on piezoelectric-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator , 2019, Nano Energy.

[10]  Xiujian Chou,et al.  High-Performance PZT-Based Stretchable Piezoelectric Nanogenerator , 2018, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering.

[11]  Salauddin,et al.  Miniaturized springless hybrid nanogenerator for powering portable and wearable electronic devices from human-body-induced vibration , 2018, Nano Energy.

[12]  Michael C. McAlpine,et al.  Enhanced piezoelectricity and stretchability in energy harvesting devices fabricated from buckled PZT ribbons. , 2011, Nano letters.

[13]  Wei Zhang,et al.  Editable Supercapacitors with Customizable Stretchability Based on Mechanically Strengthened Ultralong MnO2 Nanowire Composite , 2018, Advanced materials.

[14]  Jonathan Rossiter,et al.  Kirigami stretchable strain sensors with enhanced piezoelectricity induced by topological electrodes , 2018, Applied Physics Letters.

[15]  Zhou Li,et al.  Recent Progress on Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Energy Harvesters in Biomedical Systems , 2017, Advanced science.

[16]  Yongan Huang,et al.  Ultra-Stretchable Piezoelectric Nanogenerators via Large-Scale Aligned Fractal Inspired Micro/Nanofibers , 2017, Polymers.

[17]  Tingrui Pan,et al.  FeetBeat: A Flexible Iontronic Sensing Wearable Detects Pedal Pulses and Muscular Activities , 2019, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[18]  Frederik L. Giesel,et al.  3D printing based on imaging data: review of medical applications , 2010, International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery.

[19]  John X. J. Zhang,et al.  Stretchable Kirigami Polyvinylidene Difluoride Thin Films for Energy Harvesting: Design, Analysis, and Performance , 2018 .

[20]  Jian-Guo Sun,et al.  A flexible transparent one-structure tribo-piezo-pyroelectric hybrid energy generator based on bio-inspired silver nanowires network for biomechanical energy harvesting and physiological monitoring , 2018, Nano Energy.

[21]  Federico Carpi,et al.  Electromechanically Active Polymers , 2016 .

[22]  Sumanta Kumar Karan,et al.  Self-powered flexible Fe-doped RGO/PVDF nanocomposite: an excellent material for a piezoelectric energy harvester. , 2015, Nanoscale.

[23]  D. Hutmacher,et al.  Scaffold development using 3D printing with a starch-based polymer , 2002 .

[24]  Zhong Lin Wang,et al.  Piezoelectric Nanogenerators Based on Zinc Oxide Nanowire Arrays , 2006, Science.

[25]  Xiujian Chou,et al.  All-in-one filler-elastomer-based high-performance stretchable piezoelectric nanogenerator for kinetic energy harvesting and self-powered motion monitoring , 2018, Nano Energy.

[26]  Kwang-Seok Yun,et al.  Woven piezoelectric structure for stretchable energy harvester , 2013 .

[27]  W. P. Mason.  Piezoelectricity, its history and applications , 1980 .

[28]  Dipankar Mandal,et al.  Efficient natural piezoelectric nanogenerator: Electricity generation from fish swim bladder , 2016 .

[29]  T. Berfield,et al.  Effects of in-situ poling and process parameters on fused filament fabrication printed PVDF sheet mechanical and electrical properties , 2017 .

[30]  Doik Kim,et al.  Gait analysis system based on slippers with flexible piezoelectric sensors , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics (ROBIO).

[31]  A. Bandyopadhyay,et al.  Bone tissue engineering using 3D printing , 2013 .

[32]  Allon Goldberg,et al.  Gait disorders: search for multiple causes. , 2005, Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine.

[33]  Vincenzo Balzani,et al.  The future of energy supply: Challenges and opportunities. , 2007, Angewandte Chemie.

[34]  H. Fan,et al.  Wind energy harvester based on coaxial rotatory freestanding triboelectric nanogenerators for self-powered water splitting , 2018, Nano Energy.

[35]  Ji-Beom Yoo,et al.  Highly Stretchable Piezoelectric‐Pyroelectric Hybrid Nanogenerator , 2014, Advanced materials.

[36]  Jun Li,et al.  Study of Long-Term Biocompatibility and Bio-Safety of Implantable Nanogenerators. , 2018, Nano energy.

[37]  Kaushik Parida,et al.  Multi-responsive supercapacitors: Smart solution to store electrical energy , 2017 .

[38]  W. Goddard,et al.  Tellurium: Fast Electrical and Atomic Transport along the Weak Interaction Direction. , 2018, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[39]  Zhenan Bao,et al.  Skin-inspired electronic devices , 2014 .

[40]  Manoj Kumar Gupta,et al.  Transparent flexible stretchable piezoelectric and triboelectric nanogenerators for powering portable electronics , 2015 .

[41]  Pavel M. Chaplya,et al.  Characterization, Performance and Optimization of PVDF as a Piezoelectric Film for Advanced Space Mirror Concepts , 2005 .

[42]  Almuatasim Alomari,et al.  Dielectric Behavior of P(VDF-TrFE) /PZT Nanocomposites Films Doped with Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) , 2015 .

[43]  Dukhyun Choi,et al.  Transparent and attachable ionic communicators based on self-cleanable triboelectric nanogenerators , 2018, Nature Communications.

[44]  Pooi See Lee,et al.  Enhanced Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Performance of Flexible PVDF-TrFE Bilayer Films with Graphene Oxide. , 2016, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[45]  Jinyou Shao,et al.  A Stretchable and Transparent Nanocomposite Nanogenerator for Self-Powered Physiological Monitoring. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[46]  Wei Zhu,et al.  3D optical printing of piezoelectric nanoparticle-polymer composite materials. , 2014, ACS nano.

[47]  Jianmin Hu,et al.  The Development of an All-polymer-based Piezoelectric Photocurable Resin for Additive Manufacturing , 2017 .

[48]  Dipankar Mandal,et al.  Bio-assembled, piezoelectric prawn shell made self-powered wearable sensor for non-invasive physiological signal monitoring , 2017 .

[49]  Wanchul Seung,et al.  Directional dependent piezoelectric effect in CVD grown monolayer MoS2 for flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators , 2016 .

[50]  Ellis Meng,et al.  A kirigami-based Parylene C stretch sensor , 2017, 2017 IEEE 30th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS).

[51]  Ann Marie Sastry,et al.  Powering MEMS portable devices—a review of non-regenerative and regenerative power supply systems with special emphasis on piezoelectric energy harvesting systems , 2008 .

[52]  Shu Yang,et al.  Static and dynamic elastic properties of fractal-cut materials , 2016 .

[53]  Stephen R. Forrest,et al.  Dynamic kirigami structures for integrated solar tracking , 2015, Nature Communications.

[54]  Göran Berndes,et al.  The contribution of biomass in the future global energy supply: a review of 17 studies , 2003 .

[55]  D. Mandal,et al.  Self-poled transparent and flexible UV light-emitting cerium complex-PVDF composite: a high-performance nanogenerator. , 2015, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[56]  Yaping Zang,et al.  Advances of flexible pressure sensors toward artificial intelligence and health care applications , 2015 .

[57]  Ju-Hyuck Lee,et al.  Micropatterned P(VDF‐TrFE) Film‐Based Piezoelectric Nanogenerators for Highly Sensitive Self‐Powered Pressure Sensors , 2015 .

[58]  Charles M. Lieber,et al.  Functional nanoscale electronic devices assembled using silicon nanowire building blocks. , 2001, Science.

[59]  Zhong Lin Wang.  Triboelectric nanogenerators as new energy technology and self-powered sensors - principles, problems and perspectives. , 2014, Faraday discussions.

[60]  F. Fan,et al.  Flexible Nanogenerators for Energy Harvesting and Self‐Powered Electronics , 2016, Advanced materials.

[61]  Seung Hwan Ko,et al.  A Hyper‐Stretchable Elastic‐Composite Energy Harvester , 2015, Advanced materials.

[62]  Yongan Huang,et al.  Non-wrinkled, highly stretchable piezoelectric devices by electrohydrodynamic direct-writing. , 2014, Nanoscale.

[63]  Pukar Maharjan,et al.  An impedance tunable and highly efficient triboelectric nanogenerator for large-scale, ultra-sensitive pressure sensing applications , 2018, Nano Energy.

[64]  Youfan Hu,et al.  Recent progress in piezoelectric nanogenerators as a sustainable power source in self-powered systems and active sensors , 2015 .

[65]  Nae-Eung Lee,et al.  High-performance flexible lead-free nanocomposite piezoelectric nanogenerator for biomechanical energy harvesting and storage , 2015 .