Wired enzyme electrodes--a retroperspective story about an exciting time at University of Texas at Austin and its impact on my scientific career.

The present paper features an exciting time in the late 1980s when I, as a visiting scientist, had the privilege to participate in the early and very exciting development of the in vivo redox-polymer-wired glucose sensor in Professor Adam Heller's laboratory at the Department of Chemical Engineering at University of Texas at Austin. This story is followed by an overview of the research my visit initiated at Uppsala University. In collaboration with Swedish colleagues, we explored a few of the many possibilities to form new biosensors by utilizing Prof. Heller's concept of cross-linked redox-polymer/redox-enzyme electrodes.

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[3]  A. Heller,et al.  Detection of basal acetylcholine in rat brain microdialysate. , 1995, Journal of chromatography. B, Biomedical applications.

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[10]  Adam Heller,et al.  Sources of instability of ‘wired’ enzyme anodes in serum: urate and transition metal ions , 2001 .

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[19]  Adam Heller,et al.  An electron-conducting cross-linked polyaniline-based redox hydrogel, formed in one step at pH 7.2, wires glucose oxidase. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[20]  A Heller,et al.  Amperometric glucose microelectrodes prepared through immobilization of glucose oxidase in redox hydrogels. , 1991, Analytical chemistry.

[21]  A Heller,et al.  Implanted electrochemical glucose sensors for the management of diabetes. , 1999, Annual review of biomedical engineering.

[22]  A Heller,et al.  Design and optimization of a selective subcutaneously implantable glucose electrode based on "wired" glucose oxidase. , 1995, Analytical chemistry.

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[24]  D W Schmidtke,et al.  Accuracy of the one-point in vivo calibration of "wired" glucose oxidase electrodes implanted in jugular veins of rats in periods of rapid rise and decline of the glucose concentration. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

[25]  L. Gorton,et al.  Simultaneous amperometric determination of some mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides in flow injection and liquid chromatography using two working enzyme electrodes with different selectivity , 1997 .

[26]  J. Wagner,et al.  Continuous amperometric monitoring of glucose in a brittle diabetic chimpanzee with a miniature subcutaneous electrode. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[27]  K. Torimitsu,et al.  On-line electrochemical sensor for selective continuous measurement of acetylcholine in cultured brain tissue. , 1998, Analytical chemistry.

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[30]  G. Pettersson,et al.  A critical review of cellobiose dehydrogenases. , 2000, Journal of biotechnology.

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[32]  A Heller,et al.  Polyacrylamide-based redox polymer for connecting redox centers of enzymes to electrodes. , 1995, Analytical chemistry.

[33]  Adam Heller,et al.  Redox polymer films containing enzymes. 2. Glucose oxidase containing enzyme electrodes , 1991 .

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[36]  H. Neujahr,et al.  Viologen-Based Redox Polymer for Contacting the Low-Potential Redox Enzyme Hydrogenase at an Electrode Surface , 1994 .

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[38]  L. Gorton,et al.  Electron transfer between cellobiose dehydrogenase and graphite electrodes , 1996 .

[39]  M. Sharp,et al.  Charge propagation through a redox polymer film containing enzymes—effects of enzyme loading, pH and supporting electrolyte , 1993 .

[40]  A. Heller,et al.  Electrical Communication Between Graphite Electrodes and Glucose Oxidase/Redox Polymer Complexes , 1990 .

[41]  L. Gorton,et al.  Bioelectrochemical characterisation of cellobiose dehydrogenase modified graphite electrodes: ionic strength and pH dependences , 2000 .

[42]  Adam Heller,et al.  “Wiring” of glucose oxidase within a hydrogel made with polyvinyl imidazole complexed with [(Os-4,4′-dimethoxy-2,2′-bipyridine)Cl]+/2+1 , 1995 .