Site response and vertical seismic arrays

Vertical downhole arrays are deployed to record seismic soil (and overall site) behavior. Such arrays have already recorded a large body of benchmark earthquake case histories worldwide. These valuable records document: • mechanisms of vertical wave propagation and site resonance, • characteristics of site amplification for soft and stiff soil formations, and • cyclic soil behavior during liquefaction. At present, downhole array data offer a most effective means for calibration and verification of our predictive computational capabilities. This review is mainly focused on seven vertical-array sites that have been widely studied in the last few years. A number of techniques developed for analyses of downhole seismic records are presented. Relevance of each downhole site, characteristics of the installed array, available seismic records, and lessons learned to date are discussed. Finally, general conclusions are drawn based on the soil/site dynamic properties identified from these downhole records.

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