Ontologies and the Semantic Web

Michael N. Huhns University of South Carolina The Zen of the Web In contrast to the original Web’s content, which was designed for human use and comprehension, the Semantic Web’s1 content is for computer use and understanding. To date, however, most such efforts have focused on the understanding rather than use. This special issue of IC focuses on the use of the Web by computer systems and agents. By supporting the notion of “getting work done,” the Semantic Web will become more useful, valuable, and pragmatic. Many organizations are attempting to make the Web computer-friendly via Web services, but current incarnations of these technologies are subject to several limitations:

[1]  Marko Brunzel,et al.  The XTREEM Methods for Ontology Learning from Web Documents , 2008, Ontology Learning and Population.

[2]  Dieter Fensel,et al.  AN EVALUATION OF SEMANTIC WEB PORTALS , 2004 .

[3]  Aldo Gangemi,et al.  Ontology Design Patterns , 2005 .

[4]  Freddy Lécué,et al.  Applying Abduction in Semantic Web Service Composition , 2007, IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS 2007).

[5]  Steffen Staab,et al.  On deep annotation , 2003, WWW '03.

[6]  Steffen Staab,et al.  SEmantic portAL: The SEAL Approach , 2003, Spinning the Semantic Web.

[7]  Ian J. Taylor,et al.  From P2P and Grids to Services on the Web - Evolving Distributed Communities , 2009, Computer Communications and Networks.

[8]  Eero Hyvönen,et al.  Semantic Portals for Cultural Heritage , 2009, Handbook on Ontologies.

[9]  Deborah L. McGuinness,et al.  An Environment for Merging and Testing Large Ontologies , 2000, KR.

[10]  Fabian Abel User Awareness and Personalization in Semantic Portals , 2005 .

[11]  Tao Gu,et al.  Information retrieval in schema-based P2P systems using one-dimensional semantic space , 2007, Comput. Networks.

[12]  Eva Blomqvist,et al.  OntoCase - A Pattern-Based Ontology Construction Approach , 2007, OTM Conferences.

[13]  Robert Stevens,et al.  Using Ontologies and Vocabularies for Dynamic Linking , 2008, IEEE Internet Computing.

[14]  Mark A. Musen,et al.  A System for Ontology-Based Annotation of Biomedical Data , 2008, DILS.

[15]  Andreas Schmidt,et al.  Bridging the Gap between Knowledge Management and E-Learning with Context-Aware Corporate Learning , 2005, Wissensmanagement.

[16]  Yildiray Kabak,et al.  Artemis: Deploying semantically enriched Web services in the healthcare domain , 2006, Inf. Syst..

[17]  Enrico Motta,et al.  OntoWeaver-S: Supporting the Design of Knowledge Portals , 2004, EKAW.

[18]  Nicola Guarino,et al.  Ontologies and Knowledge Bases. Towards a Terminological Clarification , 1995 .

[19]  Nicola Guarino,et al.  An Overview of OntoClean , 2004, Handbook on Ontologies.

[20]  Steffen Staab,et al.  Comparing Conceptual, Divise and Agglomerative Clustering for Learning Taxonomies from Text , 2004, ECAI.

[21]  Nicola Guarino,et al.  Formal Ontology and Information Systems , 1998 .

[22]  Tim Berners-Lee,et al.  Linked Data - The Story So Far , 2009, Int. J. Semantic Web Inf. Syst..

[23]  Jim Davies,et al.  Semantic frameworks for e-government , 2007, ICEGOV '07.

[24]  Michael N. Huhns,et al.  Consensus Ontologies: Reconciling the Semantics of Web Pages and Agents , 2001, IEEE Internet Comput..

[25]  Heiner Stuckenschmidt,et al.  Ontology-Based Integration of Information - A Survey of Existing Approaches , 2001, OIS@IJCAI.

[26]  James A. Hendler,et al.  Dynamic Ontologies on the Web , 2000, AAAI/IAAI.

[27]  Eva Klien,et al.  Semantic Execution Meets Geospatial Web Services: A Pilot Application , 2008 .

[28]  Gerhard Weikum,et al.  SOFIE: a self-organizing framework for information extraction , 2009, WWW '09.

[29]  Chang-Shing Lee,et al.  Ontological fuzzy agent for electrocardiogram application , 2008, Expert Syst. Appl..

[30]  Sebastian Rudolph,et al.  Description Logic Rules , 2010, ECAI.

[31]  Martin Hepp,et al.  GoodRelations: An Ontology for Describing Products and Services Offers on the Web , 2008, EKAW.

[32]  Sheila A. McIlraith,et al.  Simulation, verification and automated composition of web services , 2002, WWW.

[33]  Martin Doerr,et al.  The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Module: An Ontological Approach to Semantic Interoperability of Metadata , 2003, AI Mag..

[34]  Tomasz Janowski,et al.  Semantic interoperability architecture for electronic government , 2009, D.GO.

[35]  Deborah L. McGuinness,et al.  Owl web ontology language guide , 2003 .

[36]  Frank Keller,et al.  Using the Web to Overcome Data Sparseness , 2002, EMNLP.

[37]  Peter Sawyer,et al.  A flexible framework to experiment with ontology learning techniques , 2008, Knowl. Based Syst..

[38]  Luigi Iannone,et al.  Concept Formation in Expressive Description Logics , 2004, ECML.

[39]  Dieter Fensel,et al.  Correspondence Patterns for Ontology Alignment , 2008, EKAW.

[40]  Stefanos D. Kollias,et al.  Adaptive Reading Assistance for the Inclusion of Students with Dyslexia: The AGENT-DYSL Approach , 2008, 2008 Eighth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies.

[41]  John Domingue,et al.  Deploying Semantic Web Services-Based Applications in the e-Government Domain , 2008, J. Data Semant..

[42]  Harry Chen,et al.  An ontology for context-aware pervasive computing environments , 2003, The Knowledge Engineering Review.

[43]  George A. Vouros,et al.  Human-centered ontology engineering: The HCOME methodology , 2006, Knowledge and Information Systems.

[44]  Lora Aroyo,et al.  Semantics : Science , Services and Agents on the World Wide Web , 2008 .

[45]  Boonserm Kulvatunyou,et al.  A semantic-mediation architecture for interoperable supply-chain applications , 2008, Int. J. Comput. Integr. Manuf..

[46]  Mark A. Musen,et al.  PROMPT: Algorithm and Tool for Automated Ontology Merging and Alignment , 2000, AAAI/IAAI.

[47]  Dieter Fensel,et al.  A Logical Framework for Web Service Discovery , 2004, SWS@ISWC.

[48]  Alon Y. Halevy,et al.  Semantic Integration Research in the Database Community : A Brief Survey , 2005 .

[49]  Tao Gu,et al.  A Semantic P2P Framework for Building Context-Aware Applications in Multiple Smart Spaces , 2007, EUC.

[50]  P. Smith,et al.  A review of ontology based query expansion , 2007, Inf. Process. Manag..

[51]  Efthimios Tambouris,et al.  An Ontology for Modeling Life-Events , 2007, IEEE International Conference on Services Computing (SCC 2007).

[52]  Tran Cao Son,et al.  Semantic Web Services , 2001, IEEE Intell. Syst..

[53]  Mariano Fernández-López,et al.  Ontological Engineering , 2003, Encyclopedia of Database Systems.

[54]  Raphael Volz,et al.  The text-to-onto ontology extraction and maintenance system , 2001 .

[55]  Kalina Bontcheva,et al.  RoundTrip Ontology Authoring , 2008, SEMWEB.

[56]  Noah A. Smith,et al.  The Web as a Parallel Corpus , 2003, CL.

[57]  Philipp Cimiano,et al.  Using the Web to Reduce Data Sparseness in Pattern-Based Information Extraction , 2007, PKDD.

[58]  Mihhail Matskin,et al.  Composition of Semantic Web services using Linear Logic theorem proving , 2006, Inf. Syst..

[59]  Yiannis Kompatsiaris,et al.  A hybrid ontology and visual-based retrieval model for cultural heritage multimedia collections , 2008, Int. J. Metadata Semant. Ontologies.

[60]  Peter Mika,et al.  Web Semantics in the Clouds , 2008, IEEE Intelligent Systems.

[61]  Doug Downey,et al.  Web-scale information extraction in knowitall: (preliminary results) , 2004, WWW '04.

[62]  Rüdiger Schollmeier,et al.  A definition of peer-to-peer networking for the classification of peer-to-peer architectures and applications , 2001, Proceedings First International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing.

[63]  Adam Pease,et al.  Towards a standard upper ontology , 2001, FOIS.

[64]  Ulf Leser,et al.  Federated Information Systems: Concepts, Terminology and Architectures , 2007 .

[65]  Catherine Dolbear,et al.  Rabbit: Developing a Control Natural Language for Authoring Ontologies , 2008, ESWC.

[66]  Kalina Bontcheva,et al.  Ontology-Based Information Extraction for Business Intelligence , 2007, ISWC/ASWC.

[67]  Asunción Gómez-Pérez,et al.  Unsupervised and Domain Independent Ontology Learning: Combining Heterogeneous Sources of Evidence , 2008, LREC.

[68]  Dean Allemang,et al.  Semantic Web for the Working Ontologist - Effective Modeling in RDFS and OWL, Second Edition , 2011 .

[69]  Nicholas R. Jennings,et al.  The Semantic Grid: Past, Present, and Future , 2005 .

[70]  Noriaki Izumi,et al.  DOODLE-OWL: OWL-based Semi-Automatic Ontology Development Environment , 2004, EON.

[71]  Natalya F. Noy,et al.  The state of art in ontology design , 1997 .

[72]  Marti A. Hearst Automatic Acquisition of Hyponyms from Large Text Corpora , 1992, COLING.

[73]  Jinghui Lu,et al.  A Service Oriented Ontology Management Framework in the Automotive Retail Domain , 2008, 2008 11th IEEE International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering - Workshops.

[74]  N. F. Noy,et al.  Ontology Development 101: A Guide to Creating Your First Ontology , 2001 .

[75]  Pedro M. Domingos,et al.  Learning to map between ontologies on the semantic web , 2002, WWW '02.

[76]  York Sure-Vetter,et al.  Ontology-Based Information Integration in the Automotive Industry , 2003, SEMWEB.

[77]  Siegfried Handschuh,et al.  Extending Community Ontology Using Automatically Generated Suggestions , 2007, FLAIRS.

[78]  Enrico Motta,et al.  Collaborative Semantic Authoring , 2008, IEEE Intelligent Systems.

[79]  Michael Gruninger,et al.  Methodology for the Design and Evaluation of Ontologies , 1995, IJCAI 1995.

[80]  Pascal Hitzler,et al.  A Metamodel and UML Profile for Rule-Extended OWL DL Ontologies , 2006, ESWC.

[81]  Beniamino Di Martino,et al.  Semantic web services discovery based on structural ontology matching , 2009, Int. J. Web Grid Serv..

[82]  Li Ma,et al.  Towards a Complete OWL Ontology Benchmark , 2006, ESWC.

[83]  Steffen Staab,et al.  Discovering Conceptual Relations from Text , 2000, ECAI.

[84]  Robert Meersman,et al.  Ontology Engineering - The DOGMA Approach , 2008, Advances in Web Semantics I.

[85]  Velma L. Payne,et al.  Hospital care watch (HCW): an ontology and rule-based intelligent patient management assistant , 2005, 18th IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS'05).

[86]  Tom M. Mitchell,et al.  Learning to construct knowledge bases from the World Wide Web , 2000, Artif. Intell..

[87]  Jana Koehler,et al.  Web Service Composition - Current Solutions and Open Problems , 2003 .

[88]  Christian Wolff,et al.  Learning Relations Using Collocations , 2001, Workshop on Ontology Learning.

[89]  Alun D. Preece,et al.  Learning Meta-descriptions of the FOAF Network , 2004, SEMWEB.

[90]  Dominik Zyskowski,et al.  Semantic Web Services Applications – a Reality Check , 2008 .

[91]  Mehrnoush Shamsfard,et al.  Learning ontologies from natural language texts , 2004, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..

[92]  Paul Buitelaar,et al.  KEMM: A Knowledge Engineering Methodology in the Medical Domain , 2008, FOIS.

[93]  Isabel F. Cruz,et al.  Using a layered approach for interoperability on the semantic Web , 2003, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Web Information Systems Engineering, 2003. WISE 2003..

[94]  Christoph Tempich,et al.  Exploring the economical aspects of ontology engineering , 2009, Handbook on Ontologies.

[95]  Sebastian Rudolph,et al.  Foundations of Semantic Web Technologies , 2009 .

[96]  Colin Atkinson,et al.  Integrating enterprise information representation languages , 2005 .

[97]  Ian Horrocks,et al.  From SHIQ and RDF to OWL: the making of a Web Ontology Language , 2003, J. Web Semant..

[98]  Luis Rodero-Merino,et al.  A break in the clouds: towards a cloud definition , 2008, CCRV.

[99]  Philipp Cimiano,et al.  Finding the Appropriate Generalization Level for Binary Relations Extracted from the Genia Corpus , 2006 .

[100]  Diego Calvanese,et al.  The Description Logic Handbook , 2007 .

[101]  Paul Buitelaar,et al.  Evaluating Ontology Search , 2007, EON.

[102]  Peter Jackson,et al.  Introduction to expert systems , 1986 .

[103]  Steffen Staab,et al.  Bibster - a semantics-based bibliographic Peer-to-Peer system , 2004, J. Web Semant..

[104]  Paul H. Lewis,et al.  Concept browsing for multimedia retrieval in the SCULPTEUR project , 2005 .

[105]  Jürgen Schönwälder,et al.  Applying Semantic Techniques to Search and Analyze Bug Tracking Data , 2009, Journal of Network and Systems Management.

[106]  Iraklis Paraskakis,et al.  Combining SAWSDL, OWL-DL and UDDI for Semantically Enhanced Web Service Discovery , 2008, ESWC.

[107]  Frederick H. Lochovsky,et al.  Data extraction and label assignment for web databases , 2003, WWW '03.

[108]  Daniel L. Rubin,et al.  BioPortal: A Web Portal to Biomedical Ontologies , 2008, AAAI Spring Symposium: Symbiotic Relationships between Semantic Web and Knowledge Engineering.

[109]  Chris F. Taylor,et al.  The use of concept maps during knowledge elicitation in ontology development processes – the nutrigenomics use case , 2006, BMC Bioinformatics.

[110]  Athman Bouguettaya,et al.  Discovering Pathways of Service Oriented Biological Processes , 2008, WISE.

[111]  Fernando Bobillo,et al.  Representation of context-dependant knowledge in ontologies: A model and an application , 2008, Expert Syst. Appl..

[112]  Enrico Motta,et al.  SparqPlug: Generating Linked Data from Legacy HTML, SPARQL and the DOM , 2008, LDOW.

[113]  Michael Kifer,et al.  Logical foundations of object-oriented and frame-based languages , 1995, JACM.

[114]  Christoph Tempich,et al.  A Methodology for Ontology Learning , 2008, Ontology Learning and Population.

[115]  Aba-Sah Dadzie,et al.  Doris: Managing Document-based Knowledge in Large Organisations via Semantic Web Technologies , 2007, Semantic Web Challenge.

[116]  Enrico Motta,et al.  Semantic Web service composition in IRS-III: the structured approach , 2005, Seventh IEEE International Conference on E-Commerce Technology (CEC'05).

[117]  Nenad Stojanovic,et al.  Ontology-based information retrieval: methods and tools for cooperative query answering , 2005 .

[118]  Matthias Klusch,et al.  WSMO-MX: A hybrid Semantic Web service matchmaker , 2009, Web Intell. Agent Syst..

[119]  Haofen Wang,et al.  Semplore: A scalable IR approach to search the Web of Data , 2009, J. Web Semant..

[120]  Sebastian Rudolph,et al.  Acquiring Generalized Domain-Range Restrictions , 2008, ICFCA.

[121]  Johanna Völker,et al.  AEON --An approach to the automatic evaluation of ontologies , 2008 .

[122]  Martin Kavalec,et al.  A Study on Automated Relation Labelling in Ontology Learning , 2005 .

[123]  Frank van Harmelen,et al.  Sesame: A Generic Architecture for Storing and Querying RDF and RDF Schema , 2002, SEMWEB.

[124]  Zellig S. Harris,et al.  Distributional Structure , 1954 .

[125]  Michael M. Richter,et al.  Case-based reasoning foundations , 2005, The Knowledge Engineering Review.

[126]  Michael Schroeder,et al.  GoWeb: a semantic search engine for the life science web , 2009, BMC Bioinformatics.

[127]  Martin Hepp,et al.  Products and Services Ontologies: A Methodology for Deriving OWL Ontologies from Industrial Categorization Standards , 2006, Int. J. Semantic Web Inf. Syst..

[128]  Freddy Lécué,et al.  A Formal Model for Semantic Web Service Composition , 2005, SEMWEB.

[129]  Andreas Abecker,et al.  Skill-Profile Matching with Similarity Measures , 2006, ICEIS.

[130]  Asunción Gómez-Pérez,et al.  Building a chemical ontology using Methontology and the Ontology Design Environment , 1999, IEEE Intell. Syst..

[131]  Mari Carmen Suárez-Figueroa,et al.  D5.4.2. Revision and Extension of the NeOn Methodology for Building Contextualized Ontology Networks , 2009 .

[132]  Christoph Mangold,et al.  A survey and classification of semantic search approaches , 2007, Int. J. Metadata Semant. Ontologies.

[133]  James A. Hendler,et al.  SHOE: A Blueprint for the Semantic Web , 2003, Spinning the Semantic Web.

[134]  Martin Hepp,et al.  Possible Ontologies: How Reality Constrains the Development of Relevant Ontologies , 2007, IEEE Internet Computing.

[135]  Lee Gillam,et al.  Lexical Ontology Extraction using Terminology Analysis: Automating Video Annotation , 2008, LREC.

[136]  Michael R. Genesereth,et al.  The Conceptual Basis for Mediation Services , 1997, IEEE Expert.

[137]  Ramanathan V. Guha,et al.  SemTag and seeker: bootstrapping the semantic web via automated semantic annotation , 2003, WWW '03.

[138]  Eero Hyvönen,et al.  HealthFinland - A national semantic publishing network and portal for health information , 2009, J. Web Semant..

[139]  Kei-Hoi Cheung,et al.  Ontology-Based Data Integration For Biomedical Research , 2007, The Semantic Web: Real-World Applications from Industry.

[140]  Christian Jacquemin,et al.  Spotting and Discovering Terms through Natural Language Processing , 1997 .

[141]  Aldo Gangemi,et al.  Content Ontology Design Patterns as Practical Building Blocks for Web Ontologies , 2008, ER.

[142]  Carole A. Goble,et al.  Ontology-based Knowledge Representation for Bioinformatics , 2000, Briefings Bioinform..

[143]  Markus Krötzsch,et al.  Semantic Wikipedia , 2007, WWW '06.

[144]  Midori A. Harris,et al.  BIOINFORMATICS APPLICATIONS NOTE doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm112 Databases and ontologies OBO-Edit—an ontology editor for biologists , 2007 .

[145]  Jos de Bruijn,et al.  The Web Service Modeling Language WSML: An Overview , 2006, ESWC.

[146]  Steffen Staab,et al.  An Argumentation Ontology for DIstributed, Loosely-controlled and evolvInG Engineering processes of oNTologies (DILIGENT) , 2005, ESWC.

[147]  Patrick Pantel,et al.  Espresso: Leveraging Generic Patterns for Automatically Harvesting Semantic Relations , 2006, ACL.

[148]  Steffen Staab,et al.  Towards the self-annotating web , 2004, WWW '04.

[149]  M. Ashburner,et al.  The OBO Foundry: coordinated evolution of ontologies to support biomedical data integration , 2007, Nature Biotechnology.

[150]  Aldo Gangemi,et al.  Frame Detection over the Semantic Web , 2009, ESWC.

[151]  Vassilis Christophides,et al.  On labeling schemes for the semantic web , 2003, WWW '03.

[152]  Claudio Bartolini,et al.  Semantic web support for the business-to-business e-commerce lifecycle , 2002, WWW '02.

[153]  Stefan Decker,et al.  TRIPLE - A Query, Inference, and Transformation Language for the Semantic Web , 2002, SEMWEB.

[154]  Alon Y. Halevy,et al.  Piazza: data management infrastructure for semantic web applications , 2003, WWW '03.

[155]  Emanuele Pianta,et al.  L-ISA: Learning Domain Specific Isa-Relations from the Web , 2008, LREC.

[156]  A MusenMark,et al.  Creating Semantic Web Contents with Protégé-2000 , 2001 .

[157]  Freddy Lécué,et al.  DL Reasoning and AI Planning for Web Service Composition , 2008, 2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology.

[158]  Baris Sertkaya OntoComP: A Protégé Plugin for Completing OWL Ontologies , 2009, ESWC.

[159]  Johanna Völker,et al.  A Framework for Ontology Learning and Data-driven Change Discovery , 2005 .

[160]  Samson W. Tu,et al.  Supporting Collaborative Ontology Development in Protégé , 2008, SEMWEB.

[161]  Eric Crestan,et al.  Web-Scale Distributional Similarity and Entity Set Expansion , 2009, EMNLP.

[162]  Takahiro Kawamura,et al.  Semantic Matching of Web Services Capabilities , 2002, SEMWEB.

[163]  Dunja Mladenic,et al.  OntoGen: Semi-automatic Ontology Editor , 2007, HCI.

[164]  Ziqi Zhang,et al.  Dynamic iterative ontology learning , 2007 .

[165]  Yannis Kalfoglou,et al.  Ontology mapping: the state of the art , 2003, The Knowledge Engineering Review.

[166]  Hinrich Schütze,et al.  Introduction to information retrieval , 2008 .

[167]  Chris Britton,et al.  IT Architectures and Middleware: Strategies for Building Large, Integrated Systems (2nd Edition) , 2000 .

[168]  N. Guarino,et al.  Formal Ontology in Information Systems : Proceedings of the First International Conference(FOIS'98), June 6-8, Trento, Italy , 1998 .

[169]  Lora Aroyo,et al.  Semantic annotation and search of cultural-heritage collections: The MultimediaN E-Culture demonstrator , 2008, J. Web Semant..

[170]  Andreas Abecker,et al.  Ontologies for information management: balancing formality, stability, and sharing scope , 2002, Expert Syst. Appl..

[171]  Andreas Hotho,et al.  Discovering shared conceptualizations in folksonomies , 2008, J. Web Semant..

[172]  Steffen Staab,et al.  Gimme' the context: context-driven automatic semantic annotation with C-PANKOW , 2005, WWW '05.

[173]  Oren Etzioni,et al.  Open Information Extraction from the Web , 2007, CACM.

[174]  Eero Hyvönen,et al.  OntoViews - A Tool for Creating Semantic Web Portals , 2004, International Semantic Web Conference.

[175]  David Faure,et al.  Knowledge Acquisition of Predicate Argument Structures from Technical Texts Using Machine Learning: The System ASIUM , 1999, EKAW.

[176]  Jeffrey D. Ullman,et al.  Principles of Database and Knowledge-Base Systems, Volume II , 1988, Principles of computer science series.

[177]  Dumitru Roman,et al.  SWING - A Semantic Framework for Geospatial Services , 2007, The Geospatial Web.

[178]  Eyal Oren,et al.  A Prototype to Explore Content and Context on Social Community Sites , 2007, CSSW.

[179]  Johanna Völker,et al.  Fostering Web Intelligence by Semi-automatic OWL Ontology Refinement , 2008, 2008 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology.

[180]  Paul Buitelaar,et al.  RelExt: A Tool for Relation Extraction from Text in Ontology Extension , 2005, SEMWEB.

[181]  Jacky Estublier,et al.  SEEMP: An Semantic Interoperability Infrastructure for e-Government Services in the Employment Sector , 2007, ESWC.

[182]  Roberto Basili,et al.  A Contrastive Approach to Term Extraction , 2001 .

[183]  Eero Hyvönen,et al.  Creating and Using Geospatial Ontology Time Series in a Semantic Cultural Heritage Portal , 2008, ESWC.

[184]  Gerold Schneider,et al.  Attempto Controlled English Meets the Challenges of Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, Interoperability and User Interfaces , 2006, FLAIRS.

[185]  Patrick Drouin,et al.  Detection of Domain Specific Terminology Using Corpora Comparison , 2004, LREC.

[186]  Sean Bechhofer,et al.  SKOS Simple Knowledge Organization System Reference , 2009 .

[187]  Steffen Staab,et al.  OntoEdit: Multifaceted Inferencing for Ontology Engineering , 2003, J. Data Semant..

[188]  Peter Fettke Unified modeling language 2.0 , 2007 .

[189]  Paul Buitelaar,et al.  A Protégé Plug-In for Ontology Extraction from Text Based on Linguistic Analysis , 2004, ESWS.

[190]  James D. Herbsleb,et al.  Supporting online problem-solving communities with the semantic web , 2006, WWW '06.

[191]  Marc Spraragen,et al.  An intelligent assistant for interactive workflow composition , 2004, IUI '04.

[192]  Boris Motik,et al.  Reasoning in description logics using resolution and deductive databases , 2006 .

[193]  Alon Y. Halevy,et al.  Bootstrapping pay-as-you-go data integration systems , 2008, SIGMOD Conference.

[194]  Sharon A. Caraballo Automatic construction of a hypernym-labeled noun hierarchy from text , 1999, ACL.

[195]  Steffen Staab,et al.  Ontology Engineering Methodology , 2009, Handbook on Ontologies.

[196]  Eero Hyvönen,et al.  Semantic E-government Portals - A Case Study , 2005 .

[197]  Matthias Klusch,et al.  Automated semantic web service discovery with OWLS-MX , 2006, AAMAS '06.

[198]  Matthias Klusch,et al.  Deployed Semantic Services for the Common User of the Web: A Reality Check , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing.

[199]  Dimitris Apostolou,et al.  Responsive Knowledge Management for Public Administration: An Event-Driven Approach , 2009, IEEE Intelligent Systems.

[200]  Bernhard Ganter,et al.  Completing Description Logic Knowledge Bases Using Formal Concept Analysis , 2007, IJCAI.

[201]  Jens Lehmann,et al.  Learning of OWL Class Descriptions on Very Large Knowledge Bases , 2008, SEMWEB.

[202]  Olivier Berger,et al.  Improving community awareness in software forges by semantical aggregation of tools feeds , 2008 .

[203]  York Sure-Vetter,et al.  Learning Disjointness , 2007, ESWC.

[204]  Christian Bizer,et al.  Media Meets Semantic Web - How the BBC Uses DBpedia and Linked Data to Make Connections , 2009, ESWC.

[205]  Siegfried Handschuh,et al.  Infrastructure for dynamic knowledge integration - Automated biomedical ontology extension using textual resources , 2008, J. Biomed. Informatics.

[206]  Jürgen Angele,et al.  Integration Of Customer Information Using The Semantic Web , 2007, The Semantic Web: Real-World Applications from Industry.

[207]  Stefan Seedorf,et al.  Applications of Ontologies in Software Engineering , 2006 .

[208]  Karl Aberer,et al.  GridVine: Building Internet-Scale Semantic Overlay Networks , 2004, SEMWEB.

[209]  Paola Velardi,et al.  Evaluation of OntoLearn, a Methodology for Automatic Learning of Domain Ontologies , 2005 .

[210]  Rudi Studer,et al.  Semantic Search - Using Graph-Structured Semantic Models for Supporting the Search Process , 2009, ICCS.

[211]  Amit P. Sheth,et al.  Semantic Sensor Web , 2008, IEEE Internet Computing.

[212]  Riichiro Mizoguchi,et al.  Ontology Engineering Environments , 2004, Handbook on Ontologies.

[213]  Amit P. Sheth,et al.  Active Semantic Electronic Medical Records , 2007, The Semantic Web: Real-World Applications from Industry.

[214]  Ljiljana Stojanovićc,et al.  Ontology-Based Change Management in an eGovernment Application Scenario , 2007 .

[215]  Umberto Straccia,et al.  A model of information retrieval based on a terminological logic , 1993, SIGIR.

[216]  Ziqi Zhang,et al.  Issues in learning an ontology from text , 2009, BMC Bioinformatics.

[217]  Emanuele Pianta,et al.  Integration of Semantic, Metadata and Image Search Engines with a Text Search Engine for Patent Retrieval , 2008, SemSearch.

[218]  Bernardo A. Huberman,et al.  Usage patterns of collaborative tagging systems , 2006, J. Inf. Sci..

[219]  Abraham Bernstein,et al.  GINO - A Guided Input Natural Language Ontology Editor , 2006, SEMWEB.

[220]  Axel Korthaus,et al.  KOntoR: An Ontology-enabled Approach to Software Reuse , 2006, SEKE.

[221]  Stefan Decker,et al.  Creating Semantic Web Contents with Protégé-2000 , 2001, IEEE Intell. Syst..

[222]  Johanna Völker,et al.  D3.8.2 Evaluation of Methods for Contextualized Learning of Networked Ontologies , 2009 .

[223]  Andreas Abecker,et al.  Toward a Technology for Organizational Memories , 1998, IEEE Intell. Syst..

[224]  Carole A. Goble,et al.  e-Science and the Semantic Web: A Symbiotic Relationship , 2006, ALT.

[225]  Simone Braun,et al.  Social Semantic Bookmarking with SOBOLEO , 2010 .

[226]  Dieter Fensel,et al.  Ontobroker: Ontology Based Access to Distributed and Semi-Structured Information , 1999, DS-8.

[227]  Christoph Tempich,et al.  Argumentation-Based Ontology Engineering , 2007, IEEE Intelligent Systems.

[228]  Alan L. Rector,et al.  Binding Ontologies & Coding Systems to Electronic Health Records and Messages , 2006, KR-MED.

[229]  Ian Foster,et al.  The Grid 2 - Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure, Second Edition , 1998, The Grid 2, 2nd Edition.

[230]  Dieter Fensel,et al.  Knowledge Engineering: Principles and Methods , 1998, Data Knowl. Eng..

[231]  Jos de Bruijn,et al.  Web Service Modeling Ontology , 2005, Appl. Ontology.

[232]  Johanna Völker,et al.  Towards large-scale, open-domain and ontology-based named entity classification , 2005 .

[233]  Robert Stevens,et al.  OWL Pizzas: Practical Experience of Teaching OWL-DL: Common Errors & Common Patterns , 2004, EKAW.

[234]  Jeff Heflin,et al.  An Evaluation of Knowledge Base Systems for Large OWL Datasets , 2004, SEMWEB.

[235]  Marek Hatala,et al.  Rules and ontologies in support of real-time ubiquitous application , 2005, J. Web Semant..

[236]  Hector Garcia-Molina,et al.  Semantic Overlay Networks for P2P Systems , 2004, AP2PC.

[237]  Chang-Shing Lee,et al.  Ontology-based intelligent healthcare agent and its application to respiratory waveform recognition , 2007, Expert Syst. Appl..

[238]  Steffen Staab,et al.  On How to Perform a Gold Standard Based Evaluation of Ontology Learning , 2006, SEMWEB.

[239]  Antonio De Nicola,et al.  A software engineering approach to ontology building , 2009, Inf. Syst..

[240]  Arthur B. Markman,et al.  Knowledge Representation , 1998 .

[241]  Huajun Chen,et al.  The Semantic Web , 2011, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[242]  Asunción Gómez-Pérez,et al.  WebODE: a scalable workbench for ontological engineering , 2001, K-CAP '01.

[243]  Nicola Guarino,et al.  Sweetening Ontologies with DOLCE , 2002, EKAW.

[244]  John R. Smith,et al.  Semi-automatic, data-driven construction of multimedia ontologies , 2003, 2003 International Conference on Multimedia and Expo. ICME '03. Proceedings (Cat. No.03TH8698).