2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease: executive summary

It is essential that the medical profession play a central role in critically evaluating the evidence related to drugs, devices and procedures for the detection, management or prevention of disease. Properly applied, rigorous, expert analysis of the available data documenting absolute and relative benefits and risks of these therapies and procedures can improve the effectiveness of care, optimize patient outcomes and favorably affect the cost of care by focusing resources on the most effective strategies. One important use of such data is the production of clinical practice guidelines that, in turn, can provide a foundation for a variety of other applications, such as performance measures, appropriate use criteria, clinical decision support tools and quality improvement tools. The American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF) and the American Heart Association (AHA) have jointly engaged in the production of guidelines in the area of cardiovascular disease since 1980. The ACCF/AHA Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Task Force) is charged with developing, updating and revising practice guidelines for cardiovascular diseases and procedures, and the Task Force directs and oversees this effort. Writing committees are charged with assessing the evidence as an independent group of authors to develop, update or revise recommendations for clinical practice. Experts in the subject under consideration have been selected from both organizations to examine subject specific data and write guidelines in partnership with representatives from other medical practitioner and specialty groups. Writing committees are specifically charged to perform a formal literature review; weigh the strength of evidence for or against particular tests, treatments, or procedures; and include estimates of expected health outcomes where data exist. Patient specific modifiers, comorbidities and issues of patient preference that may influence the choice of tests or therapies are considered. When available, information from studies on cost is considered but data on efficacy and clinical …

[1]  Stoney Rj,et al.  Recurrent carotid stenosis. , 1976 .

[2]  W. Moore,et al.  Extrathoracic repair of branch occlusions of the aortic arch. , 1976, American Journal of Surgery.

[3]  A randomized trial of aspirin and sulfinpyrazone in threatened stroke. , 1978, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  W. Ehrenfeld,et al.  Vertebral artery reconstruction. , 1979, American journal of surgery.

[5]  W. Bank,et al.  Neurologic complications of angiography in patients with critical stenosis of the carotid artery , 1980, Neurology.

[6]  W. Moore,et al.  Combined carotid-vertebral vascular disease: a new surgical approach. , 1980, Archives of surgery.

[7]  T. Riles,et al.  Cervical vertebral angioplasty for brain stem ischemia. , 1981, Surgery.

[8]  R. Berguer,et al.  Vertebral Artery Reconstruction. A Successful Technique in Selected Patients , 1981, Annals of surgery.

[9]  R. Spetzler,et al.  Revascularization of the rostral brain stem. , 1982, Neurosurgery.

[10]  D. E. Strandness,et al.  Carotid artery stenosis following endarterectomy. , 1982, Archives of surgery.

[11]  A. Callow.  Recurrent stenosis after carotid endarterectomy. , 1982, Archives of surgery.

[12]  L. Hopkins,et al.  Extracranial-intracranial arterial bypass and basilar artery ligation in the treatment of giant basilar artery aneurysms. , 1983, Neurosurgery.

[13]  D. Effeney,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia of the carotid artery. , 1983, The Australian and New Zealand journal of surgery.

[14]  W. Barker,et al.  Cause and noninvasive detection of restenosis after carotid endarterectomy. , 1983, American journal of surgery.

[15]  P. Sandercock.  Vertebrobasilar Arterial Occlusive Disease: Medical and Surgical Management , 1984 .

[16]  J. Ausman,et al.  Surgical reconstruction of the proximal vertebral artery. , 1984, Journal of neurosurgery.

[17]  R. Rosati,et al.  Risk of ischemic heart disease in patients with TIA , 1984, Neurology.

[18]  G Forbes,et al.  Complications of cerebral angiography: prospective assessment of risk. , 1983, AJR. American journal of roentgenology.

[19]  A. Thévenet,et al.  Surgical repair of vertebral artery stenoses. , 1984, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[20]  K. Beach,et al.  Carotid endarterectomy. Relationship of outcome to early restenosis. , 1985, Journal of vascular surgery.

[21]  T. O'donnell,et al.  Ultrasound characteristics of recurrent carotid disease: hypothesis explaining the low incidence of symptomatic recurrence. , 1985, Journal of vascular surgery.

[22]  W. Edwards,et al.  The surgical reconstruction of the proximal subclavian and vertebral artery. , 1985, Journal of vascular surgery.

[23]  N. Hertzer,et al.  Surgical Versus Nonoperative Treatment of Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis 290 Patients Documented by Intravenous Angiography , 1986, Annals of surgery.

[24]  J. Weinberger,et al.  Visual disturbance and carotid artery disease. 500 symptomatic patients studied by non-invasive carotid artery testing including B-mode ultrasonography. , 1986, Stroke.

[25]  J F Toole,et al.  Risk factors for extracranial carotid artery atherosclerosis. , 1987, Stroke.

[26]  B. Faidutti,et al.  [Recurrent carotid stenosis]. , 1987, Revue medicale de la Suisse romande.

[27]  R. Hobson,et al.  Carotid restenosis: long-term noninvasive follow-up after carotid endarterectomy. , 1987, Stroke.

[28]  A. Fox,et al.  Clinical events following neuroangiography: a prospective study. , 1987, Stroke.

[29]  M. Hadley,et al.  Vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Part 2. Microsurgical treatment of intracranial vertebrobasilar disease. , 1987, Journal of neurosurgery.

[30]  M. Hadley,et al.  Vertebrobasilar insufficiency Part 1" Microsurgical treatment of extracranial vertebrobasilar disease , 1987 .

[31]  J. Huttunen,et al.  Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. Safety of treatment, changes in risk factors, and incidence of coronary heart disease. , 1987, The New England journal of medicine.

[32]  T. Jacob,et al.  Recurrent carotid stenosis after autologous tissue patching. , 1987, Journal of vascular surgery.

[33]  N. Hertzer,et al.  A prospective study of vein patch angioplasty during carotid endarterectomy. Three-year results for 801 patients and 917 operations. , 1987, Annals of surgery.

[34]  R B D'Agostino,et al.  Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke. The Framingham Study. , 1988, JAMA.

[35]  United Kingdom transient ischaemic attack (UK-TIA) aspirin trial: interim results , 1988, British medical journal.

[36]  R. Ackerstaff,et al.  Benefits of carotid patching: a randomized study. , 1988, Journal of vascular surgery.

[37]  L. Hopkins,et al.  Complications of intracranial bypass for vertebrobasilar insufficiency. , 1989, Journal of neurosurgery.

[38]  R. Lord,et al.  Comparison of saphenous vein patch, polytetrafluoroethylene patch, and direct arteriotomy closure after carotid endarterectomy. Part I. Perioperative results. , 1989, Journal of vascular surgery.

[39]  I. Awad,et al.  Patch angioplasty in carotid endarterectomy. Advantages, concerns, and controversies. , 1989, Stroke.

[40]  G. Beevers,et al.  Meta-analysis of relation between cigarette smoking and stroke. , 1989, BMJ.

[41]  G. Hankey,et al.  Cerebral angiographic risk in mild cerebrovascular disease. , 1990, Stroke.

[42]  W. O'Fallon,et al.  Prospective comparison of a cohort with asymptomatic carotid bruit and a population-based cohort without carotid bruit. , 1990, Stroke.

[43]  J Bamford,et al.  Prognosis of transient ischemic attacks in the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. , 1990, Stroke.

[44]  R. Dilley,et al.  Does carotid restenosis predict an increased risk of late symptoms, stroke, or death? , 1990, Annals of surgery.

[45]  A J Molyneux,et al.  Complications of cerebral angiography for patients with mild carotid territory ischaemia being considered for carotid endarterectomy. , 1990, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[46]  R. Collins,et al.  Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease Part 1, prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for the regression dilution bias , 1990, The Lancet.

[47]  N. Bornstein,et al.  Vascular Risks of Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis , 1991, Stroke.

[48]  L. Wilkins.  North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Methods, patient characteristics, and progress. , 1991, Stroke.

[49]  Lippincott Williams Wilkins,et al.  Clinical alert: benefit of carotid endarterectomy for patients with high-grade stenosis of the internal carotid artery. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Stroke and Trauma Division. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) investigators. , 1991, Stroke.

[50]  L. Chambless,et al.  Carotid atherosclerosis measured by B-mode ultrasound in populations: associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the ARIC study. , 1991, American journal of epidemiology.

[51]  Ralph G. Dacey,et al.  Carotid Endarterectomy and Prevention of Cerebral Ischemia in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis , 1991 .

[52]  A. Buchan.  *North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial (NASCET) Steering Committee. Clinical Alert: Benefit of Carotid Endarterectomy for Patients with High-Grade Stenosis of the Internal Carotid Artery , 1991 .

[53]  D. Sackett,et al.  Beneficial effect of carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients with high-grade carotid stenosis. , 1991, The New England journal of medicine.

[54]  J. Manson,et al.  A prospective study of maturity-onset diabetes mellitus and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women. , 1991, Archives of internal medicine.

[55]  M. Laakso,et al.  The European stroke prevention study (ESPS): Results by arterial distribution , 1991, Annals of neurology.

[56]  C. Hornig,et al.  Long‐Term Prognosis of Infratentorial Transient Ischemic Attacks and Minor Strokes , 1992, Stroke.

[57]  D. Lindhout,et al.  Spectrum of neural-tube defects in 34 infants prenatally exposed to antiepileptic drugs. , 1992, Neurology.

[58]  N. Solomon,et al.  Carotid endarterectomy , 1995, Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke.

[59]  P. Humphrey,et al.  Complications of cerebral angiography in patients with symptomatic carotid territory ischaemia screened by carotid ultrasound. , 1993, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[60]  B. Lindblad,et al.  Can recurrent stenosis after carotid endarterectomy be prevented by low-dose acetylsalicylic acid? A double-blind, randomised and placebo-controlled study. , 1993, European journal of vascular surgery.

[61]  B Rosner,et al.  Smoking cessation and decreased risk of stroke in women. , 1993, JAMA.

[62]  W S Moore,et al.  Efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. , 1993, The New England journal of medicine.

[63]  Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials. , 1994, Archives of internal medicine.

[64]  H. Gelabert,et al.  Carotid endarterectomy with primary closure does not adversely affect the rate of recurrent stenosis. , 1994, Archives of surgery.

[65]  S. Satterfield,et al.  Cigarette Smoking and Stroke in a Cohort of U.S. Male Physicians , 1994, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[66]  Walker,et al.  Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients , 1994 .

[67]  R. Kronmal,et al.  Correlates of blood pressure in community-dwelling older adults. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) Collaborative Research Group. , 1994, Hypertension.

[68]  A. Halliday,et al.  The Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial (ACST). Rationale and design. Steering Committee. , 1994, European journal of vascular surgery.

[69]  V. Hasselblad,et al.  Comparison and meta‐analysis of randomized trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis , 1995, Neurology.

[70]  H. Gelabert,et al.  Cigarette smoking accelerates carotid artery intimal hyperplasia in a dose-dependent manner. , 1995, Stroke.

[71]  A. Davies,et al.  Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis , 1995, BMJ.

[72]  S. Wannamethee,et al.  Smoking cessation and the risk of stroke in middle-aged men. , 1995, JAMA.

[73]  H. Gelabert,et al.  Carotid-subclavian bypass for brachiocephalic occlusive disease. Choice of conduit and long-term follow-up. , 1995, Stroke.

[74]  J. Slattery,et al.  Blood pressure and risk of stroke in patients with cerebrovascular disease , 1996, BMJ.

[75]  R. Macko,et al.  Traditional risk factors and ischemic stroke in young adults: the Baltimore-Washington Cooperative Young Stroke Study. , 1996, Archives of neurology.

[76]  J. Toole,et al.  An analysis of perioperative surgical mortality and morbidity in the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study. ACAS Investigators. Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. , 1996, Stroke.

[77]  D. Clement.  A randomised, blinded, trial of Clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE) , 1996 .

[78]  M. Dennis.  A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee , 1996 .

[79]  David Schultz,et al.  A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE) , 1996, The Lancet.

[80]  J. Slattery,et al.  A systematic review of the risks of stroke and death due to endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis. , 1996, Stroke.

[81]  R. D'Agostino,et al.  Cumulative effects of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and cigarette smoking on carotid stenosis. , 1997, The New England journal of medicine.

[82]  T. Manolio,et al.  Does the association of risk factors and atherosclerosis change with age? An analysis of the combined ARIC and CHS cohorts. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) and Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) investigators. , 1997, Stroke.

[83]  C. Forbes,et al.  EUROPEAN STROKE PREVENTION STUDY 2: DIPYRIDAMOLE AND ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID IN THE SECONDARY PREVENTION OF STROKE , 1997, International journal of clinical practice.

[84]  S. Lownie.  An analysis of perioperative surgical mortality and morbidity in the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study. , 1996, Stroke.

[85]  A. Osborn.  Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography , 1998 .

[86]  J. Slattery,et al.  Randomised trial of endarterectomy for recently symptomatic carotid stenosis: final results of the MRC European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST) , 1998, The Lancet.

[87]  A. AbuRahma,et al.  Prospective randomized trial of carotid endarterectomy with primary closure and patch angioplasty with saphenous vein, jugular vein, and polytetrafluoroethylene: long-term follow-up. , 1998, Journal of vascular surgery.

[88]  J. Bacharach,et al.  Angioplasty and primary stenting of the subclavian, innominate, and common carotid arteries in 83 patients. , 1998, Journal of vascular surgery.

[89]  M. Kraut,et al.  Cigarette smoking and other risk factors for silent cerebral infarction in the general population. , 1998, Stroke.

[90]  M. Pessin,et al.  Proximal extracranial vertebral artery disease in the New England Medical Center Posterior Circulation Registry. , 1998, Archives of neurology.

[91]  J. Kirkpatrick,et al.  Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. , 1998, Journal of insurance medicine.

[92]  P. Kris-Etherton,et al.  Effects of reducing dietary saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy subjects: the DELTA Study, protocol 1. , 1998, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[93]  W S Moore,et al.  Recurrent carotid stenosis : results of the asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis study. , 1998, Stroke.

[94]  P R Bell,et al.  Randomized study of carotid angioplasty and stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: a stopped trial. , 1998, Journal of vascular surgery.

[95]  D. Sackett,et al.  Benefit of carotid endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic moderate or severe stenosis. North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial Collaborators. , 1998, The New England journal of medicine.

[96]  R. Berguer,et al.  A review of 100 consecutive reconstructions of the distal vertebral artery for embolic and hemodynamic disease. , 1998, Journal of vascular surgery.

[97]  P. Gaines,et al.  A combined approach to the treatment of proximal arterial occlusions of the upper limb with endovascular stents. , 1998, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[98]  T. Piemonte,et al.  Percutaneous revascularization of atherosclerotic obstruction of aortic arch vessels. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[99]  R Brian Haynes,et al.  Low-dose and high-dose acetylsalicylic acid for patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: a randomised controlled trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[100]  V. Hachinski,et al.  The North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial : surgical results in 1415 patients. , 1999, Stroke.

[101]  M. Back,et al.  A rational algorithm for duplex scan surveillance after carotid endarterectomy. , 1999, Journal of vascular surgery.

[102]  R. Berguer,et al.  Cervical reconstruction of the supra-aortic trunks: a 16-year experience. , 1999, Journal of vascular surgery.

[103]  T. Wilt,et al.  Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Intervention Trial Study Group. , 1999, The New England journal of medicine.

[104]  A. AbuRahma,et al.  Prospective randomized trial of bilateral carotid endarterectomies: primary closure versus patching. , 1999, Stroke.

[105]  E. Diethrich,et al.  Stenting for Atherosclerotic Occlusive Disease of the Subclavian Artery , 1999, Annals of vascular surgery.

[106]  A. Folsom,et al.  Prospective associations of fasting insulin, body fat distribution, and diabetes with risk of ischemic stroke. The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Investigators. , 1999, Diabetes care.

[107]  F. Veith,et al.  Efficacy of a filter device in the prevention of embolic events during carotid angioplasty and stenting: An ex vivo analysis. , 1999, Journal of vascular surgery.

[108]  P A Wolf,et al.  Preventing ischemic stroke in patients with prior stroke and transient ischemic attack : a statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. , 1999, Stroke.

[109]  M. Laakso.  Benefits of strict glucose and blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes: lessons from the UK Prospective Diabetes Study. , 1999, Circulation.

[110]  R. Berguer.  Suboccipital approach to the distal vertebral artery. , 1999, Journal of vascular surgery.

[111]  S. Yusuf,et al.  Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. , 2000 .

[112]  C. Benesch,et al.  Best treatment for intracranial arterial stenosis? , 2000, Neurology.

[113]  J. Parodi,et al.  Initial evaluation of carotid angioplasty and stenting with three different cerebral protection devices. , 2000, Journal of vascular surgery.

[114]  G M Hathout,et al.  Ability to use duplex US to quantify internal carotid arterial stenoses: fact or fiction? , 2000, Radiology.

[115]  J. Finsterer,et al.  Bilateral stenting of symptomatic and asymptomatic internal carotid artery stenosis due to fibromuscular dysplasia , 2000, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[116]  T. Bajwa,et al.  Carotid stenting in patients older than 65 years with inoperable carotid artery disease: A single‐center experience , 2000, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[117]  B Neal,et al.  Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs: results of prospectively designed overviews of randomised trials , 2000, The Lancet.

[118]  W. Rosamond,et al.  Stroke symptom attribution and time to emergency department arrival: the delay in accessing stroke healthcare study. , 2000, Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine.

[119]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Patch angioplasty versus primary closure for carotid endarterectomy. , 2000, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[120]  Hobson Rw nd.  CREST (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stent Trial): background, design, and current status. , 2000 .

[121]  Yan Wang,et al.  Epileptic Seizures Attributed to Cerebral Hyperperfusion after Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty and Stenting of the Internal Carotid Artery , 2000, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[122]  R. Berguer,et al.  Surgical reconstruction of the extracranial vertebral artery: management and outcome. , 2000, Journal of vascular surgery.

[123]  M. Hudon,et al.  Intracranial hemorrhage after stenting and angioplasty of extracranial carotid stenosis. , 2000, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[124]  R. Hobson,et al.  CREST (Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stent Trial): background, design, and current status. , 2000, Seminars in vascular surgery.

[125]  E. Bolson,et al.  Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[126]  Prevalence of disabilities and associated health conditions among adults--United States, 1999. , 2001, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[127]  P. Wolf,et al.  Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. , 2001, Circulation.

[128]  E. Hauth,et al.  Clinical Results of Cerebral Protection with a Filter Device During Stent Implantation of the Carotid Artery , 2001, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[129]  O. Dirsch,et al.  Balloon-Protected Carotid Artery Stenting: Relationship of Periprocedural Neurological Complications With the Size of Particulate Debris , 2001, Circulation.

[130]  O. Zaidat,et al.  Vertebral artery dissection with amphetamine abuse. , 2001, Journal of stroke and cerebrovascular diseases : the official journal of National Stroke Association.

[131]  J M Bland,et al.  Endovascular versus surgical treatment in patients with carotid stenosis in the Carotid and Vertebral Artery Transluminal Angioplasty Study (CAVATAS): a randomised trial , 2001, The Lancet.

[132]  M. Woodward,et al.  Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood pressure lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack , 2001 .

[133]  Immediate and Late Clinical Outcomes of Carotid Artery Stenting in Patients With Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis A 5-Year Prospective Analysis , 2001 .

[134]  R. McClure,et al.  Carotid angioplasty and stenting versus carotid endarterectomy: randomized trial in a community hospital. , 2001, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[135]  K. Furie,et al.  A comparison of warfarin and aspirin for the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[136]  Y. Chuang,et al.  Early recognition of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid stenting--a case report. , 2001, The Kaohsiung journal of medical sciences.

[137]  A. Fox,et al.  Prognosis after transient monocular blindness associated with carotid-artery stenosis. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[138]  W. Schievink.  Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries. , 2001, The New England journal of medicine.

[139]  P A Wolf,et al.  Primary prevention of ischemic stroke: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Stroke Council of the American Heart Association. , 2001, Circulation.

[140]  S. Yusuf.  MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Commentary , 2002 .

[141]  Sc Prospective,et al.  Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies , 2002 .

[142]  A. Connor,et al.  The way I see it: House officers need formal career development , 2002 .

[143]  A. Mattioli,et al.  Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[144]  S. Grundy,et al.  National Cholesterol Education Program Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program ( NCEP ) Expert Panel on Detection , Evaluation , and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults ( Adult Treatment Panel III ) Final Report , 2022 .

[145]  B. Lal,et al.  Pixel distribution analysis of B-mode ultrasound scan images predicts histologic features of atherosclerotic carotid plaques. , 2002, Journal of vascular surgery.

[146]  R. Collins,et al.  Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies , 2002, The Lancet.

[147]  J. Mckenney,et al.  National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) , 2002 .

[148]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Long-Term Durability of Carotid Endarterectomy for Symptomatic Stenosis and Risk Factors for Late Postoperative Stroke , 2002, Stroke.

[149]  A. Lepoutre,et al.  Critical review of non- or minimally invasive methods (duplex ultrasonography, MR- and CT-angiography) for evaluating stenosis of the proximal internal carotid artery. , 2002, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[150]  AndrewJ. S. Coats.  MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20 536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebocontrolled trial , 2002, The Lancet.

[151]  S. Macdonald,et al.  Multicenter evaluation of carotid artery stenting with a filter protection system. , 2002, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[152]  H. Sievert,et al.  Role of distal protection during carotid stenting. , 2002, Journal of interventional cardiology.

[153]  Catherine Sudlow,et al.  Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients , 2002, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[154]  D. Blacker,et al.  Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Symptomatic Vertebrobasilar Stenosis Undergoing Surgical Procedures , 2003, Stroke.

[155]  F. Veith,et al.  Critical analysis of distal protection devices. , 2003, Seminars in vascular surgery.

[156]  P. Sandercock,et al.  Very Early Risk of Stroke After a First Transient Ischemic Attack , 2003, Stroke.

[157]  S. A. Gutnikov,et al.  Reanalysis of the Final Results of the European Carotid Surgery Trial , 2003, Stroke.

[158]  R Eugene Zierler,et al.  Carotid artery stenosis: gray-scale and Doppler US diagnosis--Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Consensus Conference. , 2003, Radiology.

[159]  L. Caplan.  Atherosclerotic vertebral artery disease in the neck , 2003, Current treatment options in cardiovascular medicine.

[160]  S. Johnston,et al.  Are Patients With Acutely Recovered Cerebral Ischemia More Unstable? , 2003, Stroke.

[161]  G. Hankey,et al.  Antithrombotic Drugs for Carotid Artery Dissection , 2004, Stroke.

[162]  F. Umansky,et al.  Endovascular management of symptomatic vertebral artery dissection achieved using stent angioplasty and emboli protection device , 2003, Neurological Research.

[163]  G. Stone,et al.  PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE Original Studies Initial Multicenter Experience With a Novel Distal Protection Filter During Carotid Artery Stent Implantation , 2003 .

[164]  T. Finkenzeller,et al.  Safety and efficacy of the Perclose suture-mediated closure device following carotid artery stenting under clopidogrel platelet blockade , 2004, European Radiology.

[165]  Renyu Zhang,et al.  Is the rationale for carotid angioplasty and stenting in patients excluded from NASCET/ACAS or eligible for ARCHeR justified? , 2003, Journal of vascular surgery.

[166]  R. Grubb,et al.  Guidelines for the Early Management of Patients With Ischemic Stroke: A Scientific Statement From the Stroke Council of the American Stroke Association , 2003, Stroke.

[167]  M. Eliasziw,et al.  Analysis of pooled data from the randomised controlled trials of endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis , 2003, The Lancet.

[168]  Lawrence J Appel,et al.  Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. , 2002, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[169]  P. Rothwell,et al.  A systematic review of outcomes following staged and synchronous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass. , 2003, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[170]  J. Leonardi-Bee,et al.  Blood Pressure Reduction and Secondary Prevention of Stroke and Other Vascular Events: A Systematic Review , 2003, Stroke.

[171]  Andreas Kastrup,et al.  Early Outcome of Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting With and Without Cerebral Protection Devices: A Systematic Review of the Literature , 2003, Stroke.

[172]  Mark H Wholey,et al.  Updated review of the global carotid artery stent registry , 2003, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[173]  M. Bosiers,et al.  Belgian experience with FilterWire EX in the prevention of embolic events during carotid stenting. , 2003, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[174]  L. Lisabeth,et al.  Stroke Risk After Transient Ischemic Attack in a Population-Based Setting , 2004, Stroke.

[175]  Deepak L. Bhatt,et al.  Feasibility of simultaneous bilateral carotid artery stenting , 2004, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[176]  H. Diener,et al.  Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial , 2004, The Lancet.

[177]  Anthony Rodgers,et al.  Blood Pressure and Stroke: An Overview of Published Reviews , 2004, Stroke.

[178]  J. Olin,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2012, Circulation.

[179]  M. Briel,et al.  Effects of statins on stroke prevention in patients with and without coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 2004, The American journal of medicine.

[180]  Reubin Andres,et al.  Metabolic syndrome amplifies the age-associated increases in vascular thickness and stiffness. , 2003, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[181]  T. Bajwa,et al.  Protected carotid-artery stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[182]  L. Guterman,et al.  Atherosclerotic occlusive extracranial vertebral artery disease: indications for intervention, endovascular techniques, short-term and long-term results. , 2004, Journal of interventional cardiology.

[183]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Carotid endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid stenosis: asymptomatic carotid surgery trial. , 2004, Stroke.

[184]  W. Gray.  A cardiologist in the carotids. , 2004, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[185]  J. Treib,et al.  Treatment with anticoagulants in cerebral events (TRACE) , 2004, Thrombosis and Haemostasis.

[186]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Time Trends in the Published Risks of Stroke and Death due to Endarterectomy for Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis , 2004, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[187]  R. Chioin,et al.  Complication with an embolic protection device during carotid angioplasty , 2004, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[188]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Patches of different types for carotid patch angioplasty. , 2004, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[189]  B. Duncan,et al.  Prevalence of coronary heart disease and carotid arterial thickening in patients with the metabolic syndrome (The ARIC Study). , 2004, The American journal of cardiology.

[190]  R. Peto,et al.  Prevention of disabling and fatal strokes by successful carotid endarterectomy in patients without recent neurological symptoms: randomised controlled trial , 2004, The Lancet.

[191]  John H Fuller,et al.  Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial , 2004, The Lancet.

[192]  J. Yadav.  Embolic protection devices: methods, techniques, and data. , 2004, Techniques in vascular and interventional radiology.

[193]  O. Wagner,et al.  Excessive Carotid In-Stent Neointimal Formation Predicts Late Cardiovascular Events , 2004, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[194]  B. Modarai,et al.  Comparison of extra‐anatomic bypass grafting with angioplasty for atherosclerotic disease of the supra‐aortic trunks , 2004, The British journal of surgery.

[195]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Systematic review of randomized controlled trials of patch angioplasty versus primary closure and different types of patch materials during carotid endarterectomy. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[196]  Ferrara Filippo,et al.  Percutaneous Angioplasty and Stenting of left Subclavian Artery Lesions for the Treatment of Patients with Concomitant Vertebral and Coronary Subclavian Steal Syndrome , 2006, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[197]  Tsong-Hai Lee,et al.  Multi-Slice CT Angiography in Diagnosing Total Versus Near Occlusions of the Internal Carotid Artery: Comparison With Catheter Angiography , 2003, Stroke.

[198]  J. Olin,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[199]  A. Lumsden,et al.  Reevaluation of Temporary Transvenous Cardiac Pacemaker Usage During Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: A Safe and Valuable Adjunct , 2004, Vascular and endovascular surgery.

[200]  Pro-CAS: A Prospective Registry of Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting , 2004, Stroke.

[201]  J. Kaufman,et al.  Primary Stenting of Subclavian and Innominate Artery Occlusive Disease: A Single Center’s Experience , 2004, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[202]  M. Hartmann,et al.  Fatal subarachnoid hemorrhage after carotid stenting. , 2004, Journal of neuroradiology. Journal de neuroradiologie.

[203]  C. Tamburino,et al.  Carotid artery stenting in the presence of contralateral carotid occlusion: mind the hyperperfusion syndrome! , 2004, Italian heart journal : official journal of the Italian Federation of Cardiology.

[204]  V. Howard,et al.  Carotid artery stenting is associated with increased complications in octogenarians: 30-day stroke and death rates in the CREST lead-in phase. , 2004, Journal of vascular surgery.

[205]  J. Bacharach,et al.  Carotid stenting with a new system for distal embolic protection and stenting in high‐risk patients: The carotid revascularization with ev3 arterial technology evolution (CREATE) feasibility trial , 2004, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[206]  M. Eliasziw,et al.  Endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis in relation to clinical subgroups and timing of surgery , 2004, The Lancet.

[207]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Risk of persistent cranial nerve injury after carotid endarterectomy. , 2004, Journal of neurosurgery.

[208]  Mark Fisher,et al.  Carotid Plaque Pathology: Thrombosis, Ulceration, and Stroke Pathogenesis , 2005, Stroke.

[209]  Gray Wa.  Endovascular treatment of extra-cranial carotid artery bifurcation disease. , 2005 .

[210]  Yuichiro Oka,et al.  Metabolic syndrome amplifies the LDL-cholesterol associated increases in carotid atherosclerosis. , 2005, Internal medicine.

[211]  C. Rogers,et al.  Morphometric analysis of particulate debris extracted by four different embolic protection devices from coronary arteries, aortocoronary saphenous vein conduits, and carotid arteries. , 2005, The American journal of cardiology.

[212]  A. Gnasso,et al.  Components of the Metabolic Syndrome and Carotid Atherosclerosis: Role of Elevated Blood Pressure , 2005, Hypertension.

[213]  I. Henry,et al.  Bilateral carotid angioplasty and stenting , 2005, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[214]  F. Setacci,et al.  In-stent restenosis after carotid angioplasty and stenting: a challenge for the vascular surgeon. , 2005, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[215]  B. Eckert.  Acute vertebrobasilar occlusion: current treatment strategies , 2005, Neurological research.

[216]  K. Kasirajan.  What is the latest in inventory for carotid stenting and cerebral protection? , 2005, Perspectives in vascular surgery and endovascular therapy.

[217]  A. Angelini,et al.  Surgical vs medical treatment for isolated internal carotid artery elongation with coiling or kinking in symptomatic patients: a prospective randomized clinical study. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[218]  Yuichiro Oka,et al.  Metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis: role of elevated blood pressure. , 2005, Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

[219]  G. Donnan,et al.  Embolic Signals And Prediction of Ipsilateral Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack in Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study , 2005, Stroke.

[220]  E. Halm,et al.  Primary closure of the carotid artery is associated with poorer outcomes during carotid endarterectomy. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[221]  J. Ricotta,et al.  The influence of concurrent carotid endarterectomy on coronary bypass: a case-controlled study. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[222]  A. Lumsden,et al.  Fibromuscular dysplasia of the carotid artery. , 2005, Journal of the American College of Surgeons.

[223]  I. Pipinos,et al.  Transcervical Approach with Protective Flow Reversal for Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting , 2005, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[224]  W. Gray.  Endovascular treatment of extra-cranial carotid artery bifurcation disease. , 2005, Minerva cardioangiologica.

[225]  B. Zinman,et al.  Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[226]  A. Tuttolomondo,et al.  Stroke patterns, etiology, and prognosis in patients with diabetes mellitus. , 2005, Neurology.

[227]  E. Hauth,et al.  Complications and Follow-up after Unprotected Carotid Artery Stenting , 2006, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[228]  M. Bosiers,et al.  The capture of visible debris by distal cerebral protection filters during carotid artery stenting: Is it predictable? , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[229]  M. Clearfield.  Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes. , 2005, Current atherosclerosis reports.

[230]  M. Leonardi,et al.  Retrospective Study of Complications Arising during Cerebral and Spinal Diagnostic Angiography from 1998 to 2003 , 2005, Interventional neuroradiology : journal of peritherapeutic neuroradiology, surgical procedures and related neurosciences.

[231]  W. Pearce,et al.  Carotid Stenting Done Exclusively by Vascular Surgeons: First 175 Cases , 2005, Annals of surgery.

[232]  C. Derdeyn,et al.  Outcomes of carotid angioplasty and stenting for radiation-associated stenosis. , 2005, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[233]  S. Kasner,et al.  Comparison of warfarin and aspirin for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis. , 2005, The New England journal of medicine.

[234]  P. Rothwell,et al.  A Systematic Review of the Associations between Age and Sex and the Operative Risks of Carotid Endarterectomy , 2005, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[235]  A. Shefer,et al.  Embolic protection: Limitations of current technology and novel concepts , 2005, International journal of cardiovascular interventions.

[236]  M. Watkins,et al.  Determinants of carotid endarterectomy anatomic durability: effects of serum lipids and lipid-lowering drugs. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[237]  R. Kronmal,et al.  Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in Older Americans: The Cardiovascular Health Study , 2005, Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.

[238]  M. Brown,et al.  Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for vertebral artery stenosis. , 2005, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[239]  B. Paulweber,et al.  The Metabolic Syndrome Is a Stronger Risk Factor for Early Carotid Atherosclerosis in Women Than in Men , 2005, Stroke.

[240]  J. Broderick,et al.  Incidence and Short-Term Prognosis of Transient Ischemic Attack in a Population-Based Study , 2005, Stroke.

[241]  H. Hashimoto,et al.  Association between cigarette smoking, metabolic syndrome, and carotid arteriosclerosis in Japanese individuals. , 2005, Atherosclerosis.

[242]  L. C. Jager,et al.  Durability of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for obstructive lesions of proximal subclavian artery: long-term results. , 2005, Journal of vascular surgery.

[243]  R. Hobson,et al.  Carotid Angioplasty with or without Stent Placement versus Carotid Endarterectomy for Treatment of Carotid Stenosis: A Meta-analysis , 2005, Neurosurgery.

[244]  A. Assadian,et al.  Combined open and endovascular stent grafting of internal carotid artery fibromuscular dysplasia: long term results. , 2005, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[245]  M. Brown,et al.  Safety and Efficacy of Endovascular Treatment of Carotid Artery Stenosis Compared With Carotid Endarterectomy: A Cochrane Systematic Review of the Randomized Evidence , 2005, Stroke.

[246]  L. Caplan,et al.  Current concepts: Vertebrobasilar disease , 2005 .

[247]  B. Fagerberg,et al.  The metabolic syndrome in middle‐aged men according to different definitions and related changes in carotid artery intima‐media thickness (IMT) during 3 years of follow‐up , 2005, Journal of internal medicine.

[248]  R. Beyar,et al.  Cerebral embolic protection devices and percutaneous carotid artery stenting , 2005, International journal of cardiovascular interventions.

[249]  P Glasziou,et al.  Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial , 2005, The Lancet.

[250]  L. Dayes,et al.  The neurological implications of fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2005, The Mount Sinai journal of medicine, New York.

[251]  G. Sesti,et al.  Association of LDL cholesterol with carotid atherosclerosis in menopausal women affected by the metabolic syndrome. , 2005, Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD.

[252]  R. Virmani,et al.  Protected carotid stenting in high-surgical-risk patients: the ARCHeR results. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[253]  L. Kuller,et al.  10-year follow-up of subclinical cardiovascular disease and risk of coronary heart disease in the Cardiovascular Health Study. , 2006, Archives of internal medicine.

[254]  Xavier Ducrocq,et al.  Endarterectomy versus stenting in patients with symptomatic severe carotid stenosis. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[255]  Daniel Walsh,et al.  Comparison of embolization protection device-specific technical difficulties during carotid artery stenting. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[256]  F. Verzini,et al.  Outcome of Carotid Stenting Versus Endarterectomy: A Case-Control Study , 2006, Stroke.

[257]  V. Chair,et al.  Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the , 2006, Circulation.

[258]  B. Psaty,et al.  Association between levels of blood pressure and measures of subclinical disease multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. , 2006, American journal of hypertension.

[259]  R. Beyar,et al.  Carotid artery stenting in surgical high‐risk patients , 2006, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[260]  A. Lumsden,et al.  Delayed deformation of self-expanding stents after carotid artery stenting for postendarterectomy restenoses. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[261]  Irene Katzan,et al.  Guidelines for prevention of stroke in patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Council on Stroke: co-sponsored by the Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention: the , 2006, Stroke.

[262]  Daniel R Wong,et al.  Defining the high-risk patient for carotid endarterectomy: an analysis of the prospective National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[263]  B. Turkbey,et al.  Management of Vertebral Stenosis Complicated by Presence of Acute Thrombus , 2007, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[264]  M. Eskandari,et al.  Aortic arch vessel stenting: a single-center experience using cerebral protection. , 2006, Archives of surgery.

[265]  D F Kallmes,et al.  Bovine aortic arch variant in humans: clarification of a common misnomer. , 2006, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[266]  A. Angelini,et al.  Endovascular Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis after Carotid Artery Stenting: Immediate and Midterm Results , 2006, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[267]  W. Hacke,et al.  30 day results from the SPACE trial of stent-protected angioplasty versus carotid endarterectomy in symptomatic patients: a randomised non-inferiority trial , 2006, The Lancet.

[268]  A. Keech,et al.  Correction to the FIELD study report , 2006, The Lancet.

[269]  T. Naegele,et al.  Stenting of vertebrobasilar arteries in symptomatic atherosclerotic disease and acute occlusion: case series and review of the literature. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[270]  M. Hennerici,et al.  High-dose atorvastatin after stroke or transient ischemic attack. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[271]  S. Shafique,et al.  Discretionary carotid patch angioplasty leads to good results. , 2006, American journal of surgery.

[272]  B. Lal,et al.  Management of carotid restenosis. , 2006, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[273]  Patrice Cacoub,et al.  Clopidogrel and aspirin versus aspirin alone for the prevention of atherothrombotic events. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.

[274]  E. Debing,et al.  Does the type, number or combinations of traditional cardiovascular risk factors affect early outcome after carotid endarterectomy? , 2006, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[275]  J. Bacharach,et al.  Protected carotid stenting in high-risk patients with severe carotid artery stenosis. , 2006, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[276]  C. White,et al.  Carotid stenting with distal protection in high surgical risk patients: The BEACH trial 30 day results , 2006, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[277]  S. Macdonald.  Is there any evidence that cerebral protection is beneficial? Experimental data. , 2006, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[278]  D. Mukherjee,et al.  Basic cerebral anatomy for the carotid interventionalist: The intracranial and extracranial vessels , 2006, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[279]  M. Matsagas,et al.  Carotid Endarterectomy with Bovine Pericardium Patch Angioplasty: Mid-Term Results , 2006, Annals of vascular surgery.

[280]  M. Hammer,et al.  Safety, Feasibility, and Short-Term Follow-Up of Drug-Eluting Stent Placement in the Intracranial and Extracranial Circulation , 2006, Stroke.

[281]  P. Kreienberg,et al.  Combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with asymptomatic high-grade stenoses: an analysis of 758 procedures. , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[282]  Masaki Watanabe,et al.  Successful Stenting Seven Days after Atherothrombotic Occlusion of the Intracranial Internal Carotid Artery , 2006, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[283]  M. Back.  Commentary. Protected carotid stenting in high-surgical-risk patients: the ARCHeR results. , 2006, Perspectives in vascular surgery and endovascular therapy.

[284]  C. Derdeyn,et al.  Carotid angioplasty and stent placement for restenosis after endarterectomy , 2007, Neuroradiology.

[285]  J. Parodi,et al.  Is there evidence that cerebral protection is beneficial? Clinical data. , 2006, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[286]  M. Han,et al.  Protection Filter-Related Events in Extracranial Carotid Artery Stenting: A Single-Center Experience , 2006, Journal of Endovascular Therapy.

[287]  R. Leigh,et al.  Asthma as a disease concept , 2006, The Lancet.

[288]  J. Menzoian,et al.  Follow-up results of carotid angioplasty with stenting as assessed by duplex ultrasound surveillance. , 2006, American journal of surgery.

[289]  J. Hart,et al.  Do device characteristics impact outcome in carotid artery stenting? , 2006, Journal of vascular surgery.

[290]  M. Knauth,et al.  Hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage complicating carotid stenting should be distinguished from hyperperfusion syndrome. , 2006, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[291]  P. Demaerel,et al.  Cerebral ischemia after filter-protected carotid artery stenting is common and cannot be predicted by the presence of substantial amount of debris captured by the filter device. , 2006, AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology.

[292]  S. Kasner,et al.  Warfarin vs aspirin for symptomatic intracranial stenosis: Subgroup analyses from WASID , 2006, Neurology.

[293]  N. Smedira,et al.  Increased risk associated with combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a propensity-matched comparison with isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery. , 2006, Journal of cardiothoracic and vascular anesthesia.

[294]  J. Dartigues,et al.  The Metabolic Syndrome and the Carotid Artery Structure in Noninstitutionalized Elderly Subjects: The Three-City Study , 2007, Stroke.

[295]  Peter M. Rothwell,et al.  Systematic Review of Associations Between the Presence of Acute Ischemic Lesions on Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Clinical Predictors of Early Stroke Risk After Transient Ischemic Attack , 2007, Stroke.

[296]  J. Mohr,et al.  Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: Risk stratification and management , 2007 .

[297]  A. Algra,et al.  Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis and the Risk of New Vascular Events in Patients With Manifest Arterial Disease: The SMART Study , 2007, Stroke.

[298]  Mark K Eskandari,et al.  Technical limitations of carotid filter embolic protection devices. , 2007, Annals of vascular surgery.

[299]  G. Roubin,et al.  Minimal contrast use in carotid stenting: avoiding contrast pitfalls. , 2007, The Journal of invasive cardiology.

[300]  Adnan I. Qureshi,et al.  Guidelines for the Early Management of Adults With Ischemic Stroke , 2007 .

[301]  R. Kawamoto,et al.  Carotid atherosclerosis in normal-weight metabolic syndrome. , 2007, Internal medicine.

[302]  A. Comerota,et al.  Carotid artery velocity characteristics after carotid artery angioplasty and stenting. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[303]  I. Saatci,et al.  Exclusion of Atherosclerotic Plaque from the Circulation Using Stent-Grafts: Alternative to Carotid Stenting with a Protection Device? , 2007, CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology.

[304]  A. AbuRahma,et al.  Angioplasty and stenting versus carotid-subclavian bypass for the treatment of isolated subclavian artery disease. , 2007, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[305]  A. Kamitani,et al.  Metabolic syndrome may be a risk factor for early carotid atherosclerosis in women but not in men. , 2007, Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

[306]  Michele H Johnson,et al.  Complications from cervical intra-arterial heroin injection , 2007, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry.

[307]  S. Lai,et al.  Mortality from combined carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass surgery in the US , 2007, Neurology.

[308]  A. Algra,et al.  Medium intensity oral anticoagulants versus aspirin after cerebral ischaemia of arterial origin (ESPRIT): a randomised controlled trial , 2007, The Lancet Neurology.

[309]  F. Moll,et al.  Carotid angioplasty and stenting for postendarterectomy stenosis: long-term follow-up. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[310]  J. M. de Souza,et al.  Bilateral occlusion associated to steal phenomenon of internal carotid and left subclavian arteries: treatment by angioplasty and stenting. , 2007, Surgical neurology.

[311]  J. Kelder,et al.  Staged Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting Followed by Cardiac Surgery in Patients With Severe Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis: Early and Long-Term Results , 2007, Circulation.

[312]  K. Vahedi.  Asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Risk stratification and management , 2007 .

[313]  J. Olin.  Recognizing and managing fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2007, Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine.

[314]  P. Kougias,et al.  Simultaneous carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting: results in specific patient groups. , 2007, Annals of vascular surgery.

[315]  G. Geary.  The vascular therapist. , 2007, Heart, lung & circulation.

[316]  S. Geyik,et al.  An unusual complication of carotid stenting: spontaneous rectus sheath hematoma and its endovascular management. , 2007, Diagnostic and interventional radiology.

[317]  VanPatten Ba,et al.  Rates of symptom reoccurrence after endovascular therapy in subclavian artery stenosis and prevalence of subclavian artery stenosis prior to coronary artery bypass grafting. , 2007 .

[318]  M. Brown,et al.  Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting for carotid artery stenosis. , 2007, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.

[319]  F. Castriota,et al.  Are there predictive risk factors for complications after carotid artery stenting? , 2007, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[320]  K. Stahlfeld,et al.  Carotid artery fibromuscular dysplasia. , 2007, American Journal of Surgery.

[321]  L. Mauri,et al.  Carotid artery stenting with emboli protection surveillance study: Thirty‐day results of the CASES‐PMS study , 2007, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[322]  B. Turowski,et al.  Intracranial bilateral vertebral artery dissection during anticoagulation after cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis (CSVT) , 2007, Acta Neurochirurgica.

[323]  J. Parodi,et al.  Initial 200 cases of carotid artery stenting using a reversal-of-flow cerebral protection device. , 2007, The Journal of cardiovascular surgery.

[324]  Brandon A Van Noord,et al.  Rates of symptom reoccurrence after endovascular therapy in subclavian artery stenosis and prevalence of subclavian artery stenosis prior to coronary artery bypass grafting , 2007, Vascular health and risk management.

[325]  E. Peterson,et al.  ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN 2007 clinical expert consensus document on carotid stenting: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN Clinical Expert Consensus Document Committee on Carotid Stenting). , 2007, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[326]  H. Mudra,et al.  Carotid artery stenting in octogenarians: results from the ALKK Carotid Artery Stent (CAS) Registry. , 2007, European heart journal.

[327]  D. Greaves,et al.  Increased in-stent stenosis in ApoE knockout mice: insights from a novel mouse model of balloon angioplasty and stenting. , 2007, Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology.

[328]  R. Bucala,et al.  Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and gadolinium exposure: association and lessons for idiopathic fibrosing disorders. , 2007, Arthritis and rheumatism.

[329]  J. Haukoos,et al.  Postprocedural microembolic events following carotid surgery and carotid angioplasty and stenting. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[330]  A. Naylor.  Regarding "Protected carotid stenting in high-surgical-risk patients: the ARCHeR results". , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[331]  P. Faries,et al.  Determining the quantity and character of carotid artery embolic debris by electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. , 2007, Journal of Vascular Surgery.

[332]  B. Mwipatayi,et al.  Fracture of a carotid stent: an unexpected complication. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[333]  Sheng-dong Huang,et al.  Does PGA external stenting reduce compliance mismatch in venous grafts? , 2007, Biomedical engineering online.

[334]  Z. Krajcer,et al.  Predictors of carotid stent restenosis , 2007, Catheterization and cardiovascular interventions : official journal of the Society for Cardiac Angiography & Interventions.

[335]  C. Gazzaruso,et al.  Carotid atherosclerosis associated to metabolic syndrome but not BMI in healthy menopausal women. , 2007, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[336]  F. Moll,et al.  Angioplasty with or without stent placement in the brachiocephalic artery: feasible and durable? A retrospective cohort study. , 2007, Journal of vascular and interventional radiology : JVIR.

[337]  H. Koyama,et al.  Clinical impact of metabolic syndrome by modified NCEP-ATPIII criteria on carotid atherosclerosis in Japanese adults. , 2007, Journal of atherosclerosis and thrombosis.

[338]  M. Aleksić,et al.  Meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing carotid endarterectomy and endovascular treatment. , 2007, European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery : the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery.

[339]  B. Baxter,et al.  The merci retrieval system for acute stroke , 2007, Neurocritical care.

[340]  R. Sacco,et al.  The metabolic syndrome and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis: the Northern Manhattan Study. , 2007, Journal of the cardiometabolic syndrome.

[341]  Michele H Johnson,et al.  Neurological picture. Complications from cervical intra-arterial heroin injection. , 2007, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[342]  M. Davies,et al.  Radiation arteritis: a contraindication to carotid stenting? , 2007, Journal of Vascular Surgery.

[343]  M. Wintermark,et al.  Subclinical embolization after carotid artery stenting: new lesions on diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging occur postprocedure. , 2007, Journal of vascular surgery.

[344]  R. Green,et al.  PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE Original Studies The CAPTURE Registry: Results of Carotid Stenting With Embolic Protection in the Post Approval Setting , 2007 .

[345]  Q. Shah,et al.  Cervicocranial arterial dissection , 2007, Current treatment options in neurology.

[346]  M. Kaste,et al.  Prognosis and Safety of Anticoagulation in Intracranial Artery Dissections in Adults , 2007, Stroke.

[347]  Takamitsu Nakamura,et al.  Echolucent carotid plaques predict in-stent restenosis after bare metal stenting in native coronary arteries. , 2008, Atherosclerosis.

[348]  J. Hebebrand,et al.  Contribution of Obesity and Abdominal Fat Mass to Risk of Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attacks , 2008, Stroke.

[349]  J. Gállego Culleré,et al.  [Ophthalmological manifestations of cerebrovascular disease]. , 2008, Anales del sistema sanitario de Navarra.

[350]  Vivian Gu,et al.  Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[351]  M. Fisher.  Stroke and TIA: epidemiology, risk factors, and the need for early intervention. , 2008, The American journal of managed care.

[352]  S. Feasson,et al.  MRC/BHF heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20536 high-risk individuals : a randomised placebo-controlled trial. , 2008 .

[353]  A. Naylor,et al.  Occam's razor: Intervene early to prevent more strokes! , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[354]  J. Atwood,et al.  Carotid bruits as a prognostic indicator of cardiovascular death and myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis , 2008, The Lancet.

[355]  H. Markus,et al.  Treatment of cervical artery dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis , 2008, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry.

[356]  W. Hacke,et al.  Results of the Stent-Protected Angioplasty versus Carotid Endarterectomy (SPACE) study to treat symptomatic stenoses at 2 years: a multinational, prospective, randomised trial , 2008, The Lancet Neurology.

[357]  J. G. Culleré,et al.  Manifestaciones oftalmológicas de la enfermedad cerebrovascular , 2008 .

[358]  G. Moneta.  Stenting of vertebrobasilar arteries in symptomatic atherosclerotic disease and acute occlusion: Case series and review of the LiteratureEberhardt O, Naegele T, Raygrotzki S, et al (Univ of Tübingen, Germany) J Vase Surg 43:1145–1154, 2006§ , 2008 .

[359]  E. Kanal,et al.  A randomized trial of carotid artery stenting with and without cerebral protection. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[360]  G. Guyatt,et al.  Endarterectomy vs stenting for carotid artery stenosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[361]  H. Gurm,et al.  Safety of carotid artery stenting for symptomatic carotid artery disease: a meta-analysis. , 2007, European heart journal.

[362]  DC MSc PhD G. N. Kawchuk BSc,et al.  The relation between the spatial distribution of vertebral artery compromise and exposure to cervical manipulation , 2008, Journal of Neurology.

[363]  Hong Wang,et al.  Long-term results of carotid stenting versus endarterectomy in high-risk patients. , 2008, The New England journal of medicine.

[364]  L. Trinquart,et al.  Endarterectomy Versus Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis (EVA-3S) trial: results up to 4 years from a randomised, multicentre trial , 2008, The Lancet Neurology.

[365]  K. Furie,et al.  Update to the AHA/ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack. , 2008, Stroke.

[366]  R. Kronmal,et al.  Risk Factor Associations With the Presence of a Lipid Core in Carotid Plaque of Asymptomatic Individuals Using High-Resolution MRI: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) , 2008, Stroke.

[367]  E. Ding,et al.  Clinical results of carotid artery stenting compared with carotid endarterectomy. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[368]  H. Adami,et al.  Stroke Incidence in Women under 60 Years of Age Related to Alcohol Intake and Smoking Habit , 2008, Cerebrovascular Diseases.

[369]  R. J. Valentine,et al.  Trends and outcomes of concurrent carotid revascularization and coronary bypass. , 2008, Journal of vascular surgery.

[370]  M. Budoff,et al.  National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke , 2008 .

[371]  R. Green,et al.  One-Year Clinical Outcomes, Midterm Survival, and Predictors of Mortality After Carotid Stenting in Elderly Patients , 2009, Circulation.

[372]  S. Schinner,et al.  Intensive Blood Glucose Control and Vascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes , 2009 .

[373]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Incidence and prognosis of > or = 50% symptomatic vertebral or basilar artery stenosis: prospective population-based study. , 2008, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[374]  I. Pipinos,et al.  Cerebral Protection Devices Reduce Periprocedural Strokes during Carotid Angioplasty and Stenting: A Systematic Review of the Current Literature , 2009, Journal of endovascular therapy : an official journal of the International Society of Endovascular Specialists.

[375]  S. Schinner,et al.  Effects of Intensive Glucose Lowering in Type 2 Diabetes , 2009 .

[376]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Patch angioplasty versus primary closure for carotid endarterectomy. , 2009, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[377]  M. Nicolaescu.  [Amaurosis fugax]. , 2009, Oftalmologia.

[378]  Baughman Kl.  Calculation of Number Needed to Treat , 2009 .

[379]  P. Dorman,et al.  Carotid artery stenting compared with endarterectomy in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis (International Carotid Stenting Study): an interim analysis of a randomised controlled trial , 2010, The Lancet.

[380]  F. Speziale,et al.  Comparative study on carotid revascularization (endarterectomy vs stenting) using markers of cellular brain injury, neuropsychometric tests, and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. , 2010, Journal of vascular surgery.

[381]  G. Knapp,et al.  Short term and intermediate term comparison of endarterectomy versus stenting for carotid artery stenosis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials , 2010, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[382]  H. Jäger,et al.  New ischaemic brain lesions on MRI after stenting or endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid stenosis: a substudy of the International Carotid Stenting Study (ICSS) , 2010, Lancet Neurology.

[383]  G. Moneta.  Aspirin vs anticoagulation in carotid artery dissection: A study of 298 patients , 2010 .

[384]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Low Risk of Ipsilateral Stroke in Patients With Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis on Best Medical Treatment: A Prospective, Population-Based Study , 2010, Stroke.

[385]  Michael D Hill,et al.  Stenting versus endarterectomy for treatment of carotid-artery stenosis. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[386]  Robert A Hegele,et al.  Effects of intensive medical therapy on microemboli and cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic carotid stenosis. , 2010, Archives of neurology.

[387]  P. Rothwell,et al.  Patches of different types for carotid patch angioplasty. , 2010, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[388]  A. Rabinstein.  Aspirin vs anticoagulation in carotid artery dissection: A study of 298 patients , 2010 .