SeaUV and SeaUVC : Algorithms for the retrieval of UV/Visible diffuse attenuation coefficients from ocean color

Abstract Accurate quantification of photo-induced marine processes requires a realistic description of UV radiation (UVR) penetration in the surface ocean. Remote sensing of ocean color could supply global views of UVR attenuation if reliable algorithms were made available. Although a few models for the retrieval of UV diffuse attenuation coefficients, Kd(λ), have been proposed in the past, robust and properly validated algorithms are still needed. We have developed and validated two algorithms for the retrieval of Kd(λ) at λ = 320, 340, 380, 412, 443, 490 nm from multispectral remote-sensing reflectances, Rrs(λ) (SeaWiFS wavebands). These algorithms, SeaUV and SeaUVC, were developed from a large “training dataset” comprising simultaneous in situ measurements of Rrs(λ) and Kd(λ) made in a variety of water types ranging from blue oligotrophic to turbid estuarine systems. Four orthogonal dimensions of ocean color defined from the original Rrs(λ) spectra are used as predictors in multiple linear regressions of Kd(λ) to develop the algorithms. In the case of SeaUVC, an optical classification permits the development of water-type specific parameterizations. Validation against an independent synthetic Hydrolight® data set and an in situ data set showed that the algorithms can be used with confidence over the range of water types for which they have been developed. SeaUV and SeaUVC will find applicability in the fields of marine photochemistry and photobiology where their performance and inherent simplicity make them suitable for batch implementation on large data sets and at global scales.

[1]  R. W. Austin,et al.  The Determination of the Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Sea Water Using the Coastal Zone Color Scanner , 1981 .

[2]  André Morel,et al.  Non-isotropy of the upward radiance field in typical coastal (Case 2) waters , 2001 .

[3]  D. Erickson,et al.  Effects of enhanced solar ultraviolet radiation on biogeochemical cycles , 1998 .

[4]  A. Morel Optical modeling of the upper ocean in relation to its biogenous matter content (case I waters) , 1988 .

[5]  Teruyuki Nakajima,et al.  Modelling radiation quantities and photolysis frequencies in the troposphere , 1994 .

[6]  L. Prieur,et al.  A three-component model of ocean colour and its application to remote sensing of phytoplankton pigments in coastal waters , 1989 .

[7]  Richard S. Stolarski,et al.  The Antarctic ozone hole , 1988 .

[8]  T. Platt,et al.  Detection of phytoplankton pigments from ocean color: improved algorithms. , 1994, Applied optics.

[9]  Paul J. Crutzen,et al.  Ultraviolet on the increase , 1992, Nature.

[10]  K. Carder,et al.  A simple spectral solar irradiance model for cloudless maritime atmospheres , 1990 .

[11]  J. Morrison,et al.  Seasonal cycle of phytoplankton UV absorption at the Bermuda Atlantic Time‐series Study (BATS) site , 2004 .

[12]  K. Baker,et al.  Ozone depletion: ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton biology in antarctic waters. , 1992, Science.

[13]  J. Cullen,et al.  Calculation of UV attenuation and colored dissolved organic matter absorption spectra from measurements of ocean color , 2003 .

[14]  John Calkins,et al.  The Role of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation in Marine Ecosystems , 1982 .

[15]  B. Vogel,et al.  Modelling Of Radiation Quantities And PhotolysisFrequencies In The Troposphere , 1970 .

[16]  Peter Gege,et al.  Characterization of the phytoplankton in Lake Constance for classification by remote sensing , 1998 .

[17]  Karen S. Baker,et al.  Bio-optical classification and model of natural waters. 21 , 1982 .

[18]  Richard F. Davis,et al.  Damage to DNA in Bacterioplankton: A Model of Damage by Ultraviolet Radiation and its Repair as Influenced by Vertical Mixing ¶ , 2000, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[19]  M. DeGrandpre,et al.  Seasonal seawater optical properties of the U.S. Middle , 1996 .

[20]  M. Tedetti,et al.  Penetration of Ultraviolet Radiation in the Marine Environment. A Review , 2006, Photochemistry and photobiology.

[21]  B. Osborne,et al.  Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems. , 1985 .

[22]  M. Ferrario,et al.  Impact of Natural Ultraviolet-Radiation on Rates of Photosynthesis and on Specific Marine-Phytoplankton Species , 1992 .

[23]  A. J. Francis,et al.  Biodegradation of metal citrate complexes and implications for toxic-metal mobility , 1992, Nature.

[24]  Rolf Müller,et al.  Severe chemical ozone loss in the Arctic during the winter of 1995–96 , 1997, Nature.

[25]  Dennis A. Hansell,et al.  Biogeochemistry of marine dissolved organic matter , 2002 .

[26]  A. J. Allnutt Optical Aspects of Oceanography , 1975 .

[27]  W. Mccluney,et al.  Estimation of the depth of sunlight penetration in the sea for remote sensing. , 1975, Applied optics.

[28]  K. Mopper,et al.  Chapter 9 – Photochemistry and the Cycling of Carbon, Sulfur, Nitrogen and Phosphorus , 2002 .

[29]  L. Prieur,et al.  An optical classification of coastal and oceanic waters based on the specific spectral absorption curves of phytoplankton pigments, dissolved organic matter, and other particulate materials1 , 1981 .

[30]  Richard A. Johnson,et al.  Applied Multivariate Statistical Analysis , 1983 .

[31]  William N. Venables,et al.  Modern Applied Statistics with S-Plus. , 1996 .

[32]  J. Cullen,et al.  Ultraviolet radiation, ozone depletion, and marine photosynthesis , 1994, Photosynthesis Research.

[33]  Karen S. Baker,et al.  Optical classification of natural waters 1 , 1978 .

[34]  M. DeGrandpre,et al.  Seasonal variation of CDOM and DOC in the Middle Atlantic Bight: Terrestrial inputs and photooxidation , 1997 .

[35]  H. Gordon Can the Lambert‐Beer law be applied to the diffuse attenuation coefficient of ocean water? , 1989 .

[36]  G. Thuillier,et al.  The Solar Spectral Irradiance from 200 to 2400 nm as Measured by the SOLSPEC Spectrometer from the Atlas and Eureca Missions , 2003 .

[37]  John J. Cullen,et al.  Interactive effects of ozone depletion and vertical mixing on photosynthesis of Antarctic phytoplankton , 1998, Nature.

[38]  W. Miller Recent Advances in the Photochemistry of Natural Dissolved Organic Matter , 1996 .

[39]  R. W. Austin The remote sensing of spectral radiance from below the ocean surface , 1974 .

[40]  Bruce E. Thomson,et al.  IMPACT OF ENHANCED SIMULATED SOLAR ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION UPON A MARINE COMMUNITY , 1978 .

[41]  C. Mobley Light and Water: Radiative Transfer in Natural Waters , 1994 .

[42]  J J Cullen,et al.  Biological Weighting Function for the Inhibition of Phytoplankton Photosynthesis by Ultraviolet Radiation , 1992, Science.

[43]  M. Bothwell,et al.  Ecosystem Response to Solar Ultraviolet-B Radiation: Influence of Trophic-Level Interactions , 1994, Science.

[44]  L. Alberotanza,et al.  Oceanography from Space , 1981, Marine Science.

[45]  Richard F. Davis,et al.  UV (280 to 400 nm) optical properties in a Norwegian fjord system and an intercomparison of underwater radiometers , 2003 .

[46]  Maria Vernet,et al.  The effects of UV radiation in the marine environment: Index , 2000 .

[47]  D. Crosby,et al.  Aquatic and Surface Photochemistry , 1994 .

[48]  Grace Chang,et al.  Variability of the downwelling diffuse attenuation coefficient with consideration of inelastic scattering. , 2002, Applied optics.

[49]  S. Madronich,et al.  Changes in ultraviolet-radiation reaching the earths surface , 1994 .

[50]  M. Kahru,et al.  Seasonal and nonseasonal variability of satellite‐derived chlorophyll and colored dissolved organic matter concentration in the California Current , 2001 .

[51]  B. Gentili,et al.  Diffuse reflectance of oceanic waters. III. Implication of bidirectionality for the remote-sensing problem. , 1996, Applied optics.