COMPACT CITY AND URBAN SPRAWL

Both in Europe and North America there is a growing concern about the development of urban form, especially deconcentration of urban land use in the form of urban sprawl. This has unintentional consequences such as city centre decline, increased reliance on the use of the private car, and the loss of open space. While governments try to regulate the development of urban form, there are no easy solutions. However, policies such as 'new urbanism' and 'smart growth' in North America, and 'compact city' and 'multifunctional land use' policies in Europe, though difficult to implement, have the potential to curb urban sprawl and the further growth in car use, as the cases of Portland, Oregon and Randstad Holland in The Netherlands illustrate. (A)

[1]  Robert W. Burchell,et al.  Smart growth: More than a ghost of urban policy past, less than a bold new horizon , 2000 .

[2]  I. S. Lowry.  A model of metropolis , 1964 .

[3]  C. D. Harris,et al.  The Nature of Cities , 1945, The Urban Geography Reader.

[4]  John I. Carruthers,et al.  The Impacts of State Growth Management Programmes: A Comparative Analysis , 2002 .

[5]  Peter Nijkamp,et al.  Multifunctional Land Use: an Economic Perspective , 2003 .

[6]  H. C. Miller,et al.  Cities Back from the Edge: New Life for Downtown , 1998 .

[7]  Arthur Christian Nelson,et al.  Does Growth Management Matter? The Effect of Growth Management on Economic Performance , 2000 .

[8]  Andy Thornley,et al.  Metropolitan governance and spatial planning , 2003 .

[9]  P. Calthorpe,et al.  THE REGIONAL CITY: PLANNING FOR THE END OF SPRAWL. , 2001 .

[10]  Randal O'Toole.  The Vanishing Automobile and Other Urban Myths: How Smart Growth Will Harm American Cities , 2000 .

[11]  M. Wegener,et al.  Land-Use Transport Interaction: State of the Art , 2004 .

[12]  A. Downs.  Have Housing Prices Risen Faster in Portland Than Elsewhere? , 2002 .

[13]  S. Farthing,et al.  The Compact City , 2003 .

[14]  R. Drewett,et al.  Urban Europe: a study of growth and decline , 1982 .

[15]  Andreas Faludi,et al.  Rule and Order, Dutch Planning Doctrine in the Twentieth Century , 1994 .

[16]  W. G. Hansen.  How Accessibility Shapes Land Use , 1959 .

[17]  F. Dieleman,et al.  Dutch Urbanisation Policies: From ‘Compact City’ to ‘Urban Network’ , 2004 .

[18]  M. Castells.  The rise of the network society , 1996 .

[19]  Torsten Hägerstraand.  WHAT ABOUT PEOPLE IN REGIONAL SCIENCE , 1970 .

[20]  M. Beckmann,et al.  THE UMOT/URBAN INTERACTIONS , 1981 .

[21]  M. Jenks,et al.  Centrists, Decentrists and Compromisers: Views on the Future of Urban Form , 2003 .

[22]  W. Alonso.  Location And Land Use , 1964 .

[23]  T. Schwanen.  Urban form and commuting behaviour: a cross‐European perspective , 2002 .

[24]  R. Ewing,et al.  MEASURING SPRAWL AND ITS IMPACT , 2002 .

[25]  G. Knaap,et al.  Measuring Urban Form: Is Portland Winning the War on Sprawl? , 2004 .

[26]  Jeffrey Kenworthy,et al.  Sustainability and Cities: Overcoming Automobile Dependence , 1999 .

[27]  Lorraine Cairnes,et al.  The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form , 1996 .

[28]  C. Abbott.  The Portland region: Where city and suburbs talk to each other—and often agree , 1997 .

[29]  Wil Zonneveld,et al.  Spatial Planning in the Network Society-Rethinking the Principles of Planning in the Netherlands , 2000 .

[30]  Douglas R. Porter,et al.  Managing Growth in America's Communities , 1997 .

[31]  T. Bunting,et al.  Density Gradients in Canadian Metropolitan Regions, 1971-96: Differential Patterns of Central Area and Suburban Growth and Change , 2002 .

[32]  Joel Garreau.  Edge City: Life on the New Frontier , 1991 .

[33]  P. Newman,et al.  Urban Planning in Europe: International Competition, National Systems and Planning Projects , 1996 .

[34]  George Kingsley Zipf,et al.  Human behavior and the principle of least effort , 1949 .

[35]  Homer Hoyt,et al.  THE STRUCTURE AND GROWTH OF RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOODS IN AMERICAN CITIES , 1940 .

[36]  T. Sieverts.  Zwischenstadt: Zwischen Ort und Welt, Raum und Zeit, Stadt und Land , 1999 .

[37]  S. Srinivasan.  Quantifying Spatial Characteristics of Cities , 2002 .

[38]  M. Dijst,et al.  Urban Form and Travel Behaviour: Micro-level Household Attributes and Residential Context , 2002 .

[39]  M. Dijst,et al.  Policies for Urban Form and their Impact on Travel: The Netherlands Experience , 2004 .

[40]  Robert Fishman,et al.  Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia , 1987 .

[41]  T. Spit,et al.  Planning the compact city: The randstad Holland experience , 1999 .

[42]  Yacov Zahavi,et al.  TRAVELTIME BUDGETS AND MOBILITY IN URBAN AREAS , 1974 .

[43]  Gerrit Knaap,et al.  Talking Smart in the United States , 2002 .

[44]  John S. Adams,et al.  Hoyt, H. 1939: The structure and growth of residential neighborhoods in American cities. Washington, DC: Federal Housing Administration , 2005 .

[45]  Katie Williams,et al.  Urban intensification policies in England: problems and contradictions , 1999 .

[46]  P. Calthorpe.  The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream , 1993 .

[47]  P. Gordon,et al.  Are Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal , 1997 .

[48]  G. Galster,et al.  Wrestling Sprawl to the Ground: Defining and measuring an elusive concept , 2001 .

[49]  P. G. Rowe,et al.  Making a Middle Landscape , 1991 .

[50]  E. Ravenstein.  The Laws of Migration , 1885, Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging.