Eph receptors and ephrins in neural development

Ephrins, ligands for the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases, are pivotal players in many developmental phenomena in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Ephrins appear to act typically, but not exclusively, as repellents throughout development to influence axon pathfinding and topographic mapping, as well as restricting cell migration and intermingling. Recent findings are beginning to characterize the function and signaling of ephrins, as well as major roles for them in other tissues.

[1]  F. Bonhoeffer,et al.  Two Eph receptor tyrosine kinase ligands control axon growth and may be involved in the creation of the retinotectal map in the zebrafish. , 1997, Development.

[2]  I. Black,et al.  Regulation of topographic projection in the brain: Elf-1 in the hippocamposeptal system. , 1996, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[3]  David G. Wilkinson,et al.  The EphA4 and EphB1 receptor tyrosine kinases and ephrin-B2 ligand regulate targeted migration of branchial neural crest cells , 1997, Current Biology.

[4]  F. Hefti,et al.  Cloning of AL-1, a ligand for an Eph-related tyrosine kinase receptor involved in axon bundle formation , 1995, Neuron.

[5]  C. Marshall,et al.  Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: Transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation , 1995, Cell.

[6]  A. Lumsden,et al.  Segregation of Rhombomeres by Differential Chemoaffinity , 1997, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[7]  T. Pawson,et al.  Nuk Controls Pathfinding of Commissural Axons in the Mammalian Central Nervous System , 1996, Cell.

[8]  C. Goodman,et al.  Mechanisms and molecules that control growth cone guidance. , 1996, Annual review of neuroscience.

[9]  E. Pasquale,et al.  Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Transmembrane Ligands for Eph Receptors , 1997, Science.

[10]  J. Winslow,et al.  AL‐1‐induced Growth Cone Collapse of Rat Cortical Neurons is Correlated with REK7 Expression and Rearrangement of the Actin Cytoskeleton , 1997, The European journal of neuroscience.

[11]  H. Kung,et al.  Loss of cell adhesion in Xenopus laevis embryos mediated by the cytoplasmic domain of XLerk, an erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular ligand. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  A. Pandey,et al.  Role of B61, the ligand for the Eck receptor tyrosine kinase, in TNF-alpha-induced angiogenesis. , 1995, Science.

[13]  A. Lane,et al.  Nck Recruitment to Eph Receptor, EphB1/ELK, Couples Ligand Activation to c-Jun Kinase* , 1998, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[14]  A. Flenniken,et al.  Distinct and overlapping expression patterns of ligands for Eph-related receptor tyrosine kinases during mouse embryogenesis. , 1996, Developmental biology.

[15]  R. Klein,et al.  Signaling by Eph receptors and their ephrin ligands , 1998, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[16]  H. Iwamasa,et al.  The inhibitory effect on neurite outgrowth of motoneurons exerted by the ligands ELF-1 and RAGS , 1997, Mechanisms of Development.

[17]  V. Castellani,et al.  Dual Action of a Ligand for Eph Receptor Tyrosine Kinases on Specific Populations of Axons during the Development of Cortical Circuits , 1998, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[18]  S. Fraser,et al.  Segmental migration of trunk neural crest: time-lapse analysis reveals a role for PNA-binding molecules. , 1995, Development.

[19]  R. Marchase,et al.  Adhesive recognition and retinotectal specificity. , 1973, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[20]  G. Yancopoulos,et al.  Eph family receptors and their ligands distribute in opposing gradients in the developing mouse retina. , 1996, Developmental biology.

[21]  C. Goodman,et al.  The Molecular Biology of Axon Guidance , 1996, Science.

[22]  M. Barbacid,et al.  Aberrant axonal projections in mice lacking EphA8 (Eek) tyrosine protein kinase receptors , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[23]  P. S. St. John,et al.  ELK and LERK-2 in developing kidney and microvascular endothelial assembly. , 1996, Kidney international. Supplement.

[24]  Jürgen Löschinger,et al.  In vitro guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons by RAGS, a 25 kDa tectal protein related to ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases , 1995, Cell.

[25]  A. Iwama,et al.  The receptor tyrosine kinase, Cek8, is transiently expressed on subtypes of motoneurons in the spinal cord during development , 1996, Mechanisms of Development.

[26]  Yosef Yarden,et al.  B61 is a ligand for the ECK receptor protein-tyrosine kinase , 1994, Nature.

[27]  D. Wilkinson,et al.  Expression of truncated Sek-1 receptor tyrosine kinase disrupts the segmental restriction of gene expression in the Xenopus and zebrafish hindbrain. , 1995, Development.

[28]  David J. Anderson,et al.  Eph Family Transmembrane Ligands Can Mediate Repulsive Guidance of Trunk Neural Crest Migration and Motor Axon Outgrowth , 1997, Neuron.

[29]  J. Sanes,et al.  The Eph Kinase Ligand AL-1 Is Expressed by Rostral Muscles and Inhibits Outgrowth from Caudal Neurons , 1996, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[30]  David J. Anderson,et al.  Molecular Distinction and Angiogenic Interaction between Embryonic Arteries and Veins Revealed by ephrin-B2 and Its Receptor Eph-B4 , 1998, Cell.

[31]  R. Klein,et al.  Similarities and Differences in the Way Transmembrane-Type Ligands Interact with the Elk Subclass of Eph Receptors , 1996, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[32]  Jonas Frisén,et al.  Ephrin-A5 (AL-1/RAGS) Is Essential for Proper Retinal Axon Guidance and Topographic Mapping in the Mammalian Visual System , 1998, Neuron.

[33]  R. Marchase.  Biochemical investigations of retinotectal adhesive specificity , 1977, The Journal of cell biology.

[34]  T. Sargent,et al.  Disruption of cell adhesion in Xenopus embryos by Pagliaccio, an Eph-class receptor tyrosine kinase. , 1996, Developmental biology.

[35]  V. Dixit,et al.  Reciprocal expression of the Eph receptor Cek5 and its ligand(s) in the early retina. , 1997, Developmental biology.

[36]  Dennis D.M. O'Leary,et al.  Responses of retinal axons in vivo and in vitro to position-encoding molecules in the embryonic superior colliculus , 1992, Neuron.

[37]  D. Cerretti,et al.  Ligand Activation of ELK Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Promotes Its Association with Grb10 and Grb2 in Vascular Endothelial Cells* , 1996, The Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[38]  M. Nieto,et al.  Novel expression gradients of Eph-like receptor tyrosine kinases in the developing chick retina. , 1997, Developmental biology.

[39]  A. Pandey,et al.  Activation of the Eck receptor protein tyrosine kinase stimulates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. , 1994, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[40]  A. Barbera,et al.  Adhesive recognition between developing retinal cells and the optic tecta of the chick embryo. , 1975, Developmental biology.

[41]  H. Kung,et al.  Expression of an amphibian homolog of the Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases is developmentally regulated. , 1995, Oncogene.

[42]  A. Lumsden,et al.  Cellular morphology and extracellular space at rhombomere boundaries in the chick embryo hindbrain , 1993, Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists.

[43]  S. Fraser,et al.  Segmentation in the chick embryo hindbrain is defined by cell lineage restrictions , 1990, Nature.

[44]  John G Flanagan,et al.  Topographically Specific Effects of ELF-1 on Retinal Axon Guidance In Vitro and Retinal Axon Mapping In Vivo , 1996, Cell.

[45]  G. Yancopoulos,et al.  Ephrins and their receptors: a repulsive topic? , 1997, Cell and Tissue Research.

[46]  S. Fraser,et al.  Interactions of Eph-related receptors and ligands confer rostrocaudal pattern to trunk neural crest migration , 1997, Current Biology.

[47]  J. Flanagan,et al.  Detection of Ligands in Regions Anatomically Connected to Neurons Expressing the Eph Receptor Bsk: Potential Roles in Neuron–Target Interaction , 1996, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[48]  T Pawson,et al.  Ligands for EPH-related receptor tyrosine kinases that require membrane attachment or clustering for activity. , 1994, Science.

[49]  A. Chisholm,et al.  The VAB-1 Eph Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Functions in Neural and Epithelial Morphogenesis in C. elegans , 1998, Cell.

[50]  M. Schachner,et al.  Tyrosine phosphorylation of L1 family adhesion molecules: Implication of the Eph kinase Cek5 , 1997, Journal of neuroscience research.

[51]  E. Pasquale,et al.  Polarized expression of the receptor protein tyrosine kinase Cek5 in the developing avian visual system. , 1995, Developmental biology.

[52]  A. Lane,et al.  Eph receptors discriminate specific ligand oligomers to determine alternative signaling complexes, attachment, and assembly responses. , 1998, Genes & development.

[53]  T. Pawson,et al.  Sek4 and Nuk receptors cooperate in guidance of commissural axons and in palate formation. , 1996, The EMBO journal.

[54]  R. Sperry.  CHEMOAFFINITY IN THE ORDERLY GROWTH OF NERVE FIBER PATTERNS AND CONNECTIONS. , 1963, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[55]  A. Reith,et al.  A juxtamembrane autophosphorylation site in the Eph family receptor tyrosine kinase, Sek, mediates high affinity interaction with p59fyn. , 1996, Oncogene.

[56]  D. O'Leary,et al.  Development of topographic order in the mammalian retinocollicular projection , 1992, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[57]  M. Goulding,et al.  Expression of theTyro4/Mek4/Cek4Gene Specifically Marks a Subset of Embryonic Motor Neurons and Their Muscle Targets , 1996, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[58]  A. Flenniken,et al.  Eph Receptors and Ligands Comprise Two Major Specificity Subclasses and Are Reciprocally Compartmentalized during Embryogenesis , 1996, Neuron.

[59]  M. Tessier-Lavigne,et al.  The axonal chemoattractant netrin-1 is also a chemorepellent for trochlear motor axons , 1995, Cell.

[60]  Jürgen Löschinger,et al.  Shared and distinct functions of RAGS and ELF‐1 in guiding retinal axons , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[61]  J. Sanes,et al.  Target-independent diversification and target-specific projection of chemically defined retinal ganglion cell subsets. , 1995, Development.

[62]  D. O'Leary,et al.  Control of topographic retinal axon branching by inhibitory membrane-bound molecules. , 1994, Science.

[63]  T. Ciossek,et al.  Eph receptor–ligand interactions are necessary for guidance of retinal ganglion cell axons in vitro , 1998, The European journal of neuroscience.

[64]  D. O'Leary,et al.  Graded and lamina-specific distributions of ligands of EphB receptor tyrosine kinases in the developing retinotectal system. , 1997, Developmental biology.

[65]  E. Pasquale,et al.  Expression and tyrosine phosphorylation of Eph receptors suggest multiple mechanisms in patterning of the visual system. , 1998, Developmental biology.

[66]  T. Pawson,et al.  Juxtamembrane tyrosine residues couple the Eph family receptor EphB2/Nuk to specific SH2 domain proteins in neuronal cells , 1997, The EMBO journal.

[67]  V. Prince,et al.  Selective dispersal of avian rhombomere cells in orthotopic and heterotopic grafts. , 1993, Development.

[68]  T. Pawson,et al.  Bidirectional signalling through the EPH-family receptor Nuk and its transmembrane ligands , 1996, Nature.

[69]  A. Barrios,et al.  Eph signaling is required for segmentation and differentiation of the somites. , 1998, Genes & development.

[70]  C. Ring,et al.  Expression pattern of collagen IX and potential role in the segmentation of the peripheral nervous system. , 1996, Developmental biology.

[71]  John G Flanagan,et al.  Complementary gradients in expression and binding of ELF-1 and Mek4 in development of the topographic retinotectal projection map , 1995, Cell.

[72]  H. Baier,et al.  Axon guidance by gradients of a target-derived component. , 1992, Science.