Integration of Underwater Radioactivity and Acoustic Sensors into an Open Sea Near Real-Time Multi-Parametric Observation System

This work deals with the installation of two smart in-situ sensors (for underwater radioactivity and underwater sound monitoring) on the Western 1-Mediterranean Moored Multisensor Array (W1-M3A) ocean observing system that is equipped with all appropriate modules for continuous, long-term and real-time operation. All necessary tasks for their integration are described such as, the upgrade of the sensors for interoperable and power-efficient operation, the conversion of data in homogeneous and standard format, the automated pre-process of the raw data, the real-time integration of data and metadata (related to data processing and calibration procedure) into the controller of the observing system, the test and debugging of the developed algorithms in the laboratory, and the obtained quality-controlled data. The integration allowed the transmission of the acquired data in near-real time along with a complete set of typical ocean and atmospheric parameters. Preliminary analysis of the data is presented, providing qualitative information during rainfall periods, and combine gamma-ray detection rates with passive acoustic data. The analysis exhibits a satisfactory identification of rainfall events by both sensors according to the estimates obtained by the rain gauge operating on the observatory and the remote observations collected by meteorological radars.

[1]  C. Wedekind,et al.  Gamma-radiation monitoring network at sea , 1999 .

[2]  A. Jansà,et al.  Western Mediterranean cyclones and heavy rain. Part 1: Numerical experiment concerning the Piedmont flood case , 2000 .

[3]  Mark A. Donelan,et al.  ASIS—A New Air–Sea Interaction Spar Buoy: Design and Performance at Sea , 2000 .

[4]  On line gamma-ray spectrometry at open sea. , 2005, Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine.

[5]  S. Pensieri,et al.  Marine observing systems from fixed platform in the Ligurian Sea , 2007 .

[6]  H. Glotin,et al.  Passive acoustic storey of the Antares neutrino detector for real-time cetaceans detection, localization and behavior studies , 2008, 2008 New Trends for Environmental Monitoring Using Passive Systems.

[7]  Emmanouil N. Anagnostou,et al.  Evaluation of Underwater Rainfall Measurements During the Ionian Sea Rainfall Experiment , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing.

[8]  S. Martin Taylor.  Transformative ocean science through the VENUS and NEPTUNE Canada ocean observing systems , 2009 .

[9]  Marina Tonani,et al.  Mediterranean Forecasting System: forecast and analysis assessment through skill scores , 2009 .

[10]  C. Tsabaris,et al.  Determination of marine gamma activity and study of the minimum detectable activity (MDA) in 4pi geometry based on Monte Carlo simulation , 2010, Environmental monitoring and assessment.

[11]  S. Pensieri,et al.  Observed development of the vertical structure of the marine boundary layer during the LASIE experiment in the Ligurian Sea , 2010 .

[12]  M. André,et al.  Listening to the Deep: live monitoring of ocean noise and cetacean acoustic signals. , 2011, Marine pollution bulletin.

[13]  A. Collaboration.  ANTARES: The first undersea neutrino telescope , 2011, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment.

[14]  Christos Tsabaris,et al.  Automated quantitative analysis of in-situ NaI measured spectra in the marine environment using a wavelet-based smoothing technique. , 2011, Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine.

[15]  E. Anagnostou,et al.  A Marine Groundwater Spring in Stoupa, Greece: Shallow Water Instrumentation Comparing Radon and Ambient Sound with Discharge Rate , 2011 .

[16]  Richard S. Lampitt,et al.  Ocean Reference Stations , 2012 .

[17]  Cardoso Ana,et al.  Monitoring for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive: Requirements and Options , 2012 .

[18]  S. Pensieri,et al.  The M3A network of open ocean observatories in the Mediterranean Sea , 2013, 2013 MTS/IEEE OCEANS - Bergen.

[19]  Wayne Rochester,et al.  IMOS National Reference Stations: A Continental-Wide Physical, Chemical and Biological Coastal Observing System , 2014, PloS one.

[20]  N. Rebora,et al.  Analysis and hindcast simulations of an extreme rainfall event in the Mediterranean area: The Genoa 2011 case , 2014 .

[21]  M. Facchini,et al.  Measurements of the aerosol chemical composition and mixing state in the Po Valley using multiple spectroscopic techniques , 2014 .

[22]  A. Simmons,et al.  The Concept of Essential Climate Variables in Support of Climate Research, Applications, and Policy , 2014 .

[23]  Emmanouil N. Anagnostou,et al.  Underwater Acoustic Measurements to Estimate Wind and Rainfall in the Mediterranean Sea , 2015 .

[24]  J. Nystuen,et al.  Unusually loud ambient noise in tidewater glacier fjords: A signal of ice melt , 2015 .

[25]  E. Anagnostou,et al.  UPAL: Underwater passive aquatic listener , 2015, OCEANS 2015 - MTS/IEEE Washington.

[26]  Emmanouil N. Anagnostou,et al.  Monitoring Greek Seas Using Passive Underwater Acoustics , 2015 .

[27]  Andrew T. Jessup,et al.  Regional Rainfall Measurements Using the Passive Aquatic Listener During the SPURS Field Campaign , 2015 .

[28]  L. Cavaleri,et al.  The ODAS Italia 1 buoy: More than forty years of activity in the Ligurian Sea , 2015 .

[29]  M. Axiotis,et al.  SPECTRW: A software package for nuclear and atomic spectroscopy , 2016 .

[30]  K. Schroeder,et al.  The RITMARE Italian Fixed-Point Observatory Network (IFON) for marine environmental monitoring: a case study , 2016 .

[31]  Richard S. Lampitt,et al.  Cost and value of multidisciplinary fixed-point ocean observatories , 2016 .

[32]  M. Bouin,et al.  Dense water formation in the north‐western Mediterranean area during HyMeX‐SOP2 in 1/36° ocean simulations: Ocean‐atmosphere coupling impact , 2017 .

[33]  S. Pensieri,et al.  Analysis of the Precipitation Regime over the Ligurian Sea , 2018 .

[34]  A. Karageorgis,et al.  Mobile underwater in situ gamma-ray spectroscopy to localize groundwater emanation from pockmarks in the Eckernförde bay, Germany. , 2018, Applied radiation and isotopes : including data, instrumentation and methods for use in agriculture, industry and medicine.