The influences of restaurant menu font style, background color, and physical weight on consumers’ perceptions

Abstract Restaurateurs often attempt to signal the scale [e.g., casual vs. upscale] and service standards of their operations through the use of various cues on their menus. Fancy font, gold menu paper, and heavy physical menu weight are frequently used as attempts to signal an upscale environment and high service standards to potential diners. Therefore, this research conducts a 2 × 2 × 2 between subjects experimental design on students at a large Mid-Atlantic University to test these effects. Results indicate that when menu font is italicized potential diners do perceive the restaurant to be more upscale and as having the capability to deliver top-rate service. The same findings also held true for menu weight: heavier menus, as opposed to lighter ones, drive perceptions of scale and anticipated service quality. Regarding background color, however, no significant effects of gold versus white background colors were found.

[1]  Daniel M. Oppenheimer Consequences of erudite vernacular utilized irrespective of necessity: problems with using long words needlessly , 2006 .

[2]  Brian Wansink,et al.  Slim by design: Menu strategies for promoting high-margin, healthy foods , 2014 .

[3]  A. Pruyn,et al.  The price facade: symbolic and behavioral price cues in service environments. , 2009 .

[4]  L. Barsalou Grounded cognition. , 2008, Annual review of psychology.

[5]  Monica Bordegoni,et al.  Investigating the influence of colour, weight, and fragrance intensity on the perception of liquid bath soap: An experimental study , 2014 .

[6]  Beomcheol Kim,et al.  The Psychological Effects of Foreign-Language Restaurant Signs on Potential Diners , 2011 .

[7]  D. Berlyne,et al.  Aesthetics and Psychobiology , 1975 .

[8]  A. Parasuraman,et al.  SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. , 1988 .

[9]  Kiran Karande,et al.  The Relative Use of Contextual and Temporal Reference Price Components in Hotel and Airline Purchases , 2011 .

[10]  Mark Johnson,et al.  The Metaphorical Structure of the Human Conceptual System , 1980, Cogn. Sci..

[11]  C. Koch,et al.  Simultaneous modeling of visual saliency and value computation improves predictions of economic choice , 2013, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[12]  Norbert Schwarz,et al.  If It's Hard to Read, It's Hard to Do , 2008, Psychological science.

[13]  L. Berry Cultivating service brand equity , 2000 .

[14]  B. Özdemİr,et al.  A review of literature on restaurant menus: Specifying the managerial issues , 2014 .

[15]  J. Murphy,et al.  Brands: The New Wealth Creators , 1997 .

[16]  Terry L. Childers,et al.  All Dressed Up With Something to Say: Effects of Typeface Semantic Associations on Brand Perceptions and Consumer Memory , 2002 .

[17]  Nicolas Guéguen,et al.  Effect of watermarks as visual cues for guiding consumer choice: An experiment with restaurant menus , 2012 .

[18]  Debora Viana Thompson,et al.  When Disfluency Signals Competence: The Effect of Processing Difficulty on Perceptions of Service Agents , 2013 .

[19]  Alex M. Susskind,et al.  How restaurant features affect check averages: A study of the Toronto Restaurant Market , 2000 .

[20]  A. T. Poffenberger,et al.  A study of the appropriateness of type faces. , 1923 .

[21]  Thomas W. Schubert,et al.  Weight as an Embodiment of Importance , 2009, Psychological science.

[22]  Paul Morrison,et al.  Menu engineering in upscale restaurants , 1996 .

[23]  Joseph A. Bellizzi,et al.  Environmental color, consumer feelings, and purchase likelihood , 1992 .

[24]  L. Y. L. Kwong,et al.  The application of menu engineering and design in Asian restaurants , 2005 .

[25]  L. Barsalou,et al.  The situated nature of concepts. , 2006, The American journal of psychology.

[26]  John T. Bowen,et al.  Menu design: can menus sell? , 1995 .

[27]  Sybil S. Yang Eye movements on restaurant menus: a revisitation on gaze motion and consumer scanpaths. , 2012 .

[28]  J. Bargh,et al.  Incidental Haptic Sensations Influence Social Judgments and Decisions , 2010, Science.

[29]  V. Magnini,et al.  The Influence of Music on Perceptions of Brand Personality, Décor, and Service Quality: The Case of Classical Music in a Fine-Dining Restaurant , 2008 .

[30]  G. Vankeerberghen Choosing Balance: Weighing (quan) as a Metaphor for Action in Early Chinese Texts* , 2005, Early China.

[31]  J. Bargh,et al.  Experiencing Physical Warmth Promotes Interpersonal Warmth , 2008, Science.

[32]  Jennifer J. Richler,et al.  Effect size estimates: current use, calculations, and interpretation. , 2012, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[33]  Chin-Yi Fang,et al.  An Efficiency-Based Metafrontier Approach To Menu Analysis , 2014 .

[34]  Dennis R. Lillicrap,et al.  Food and Beverage Service , 1971 .

[35]  Celso Augusto de Matos,et al.  Service Recovery Paradox: A Meta-Analysis , 2007 .

[36]  J. Doyle,et al.  Font appropriateness and brand choice , 2004 .

[37]  Mary Jo Bitner,et al.  Servicescapes: The Impact of Physical Surroundings on Customers and Employees: , 1992 .

[38]  Meng Zhang,et al.  From Physical Weight to Psychological Significance: The Contribution of Semantic Activations , 2012 .

[39]  Michael McCall,et al.  The Effects of Restaurant Menu Item Descriptions on Perceptions of Quality, Price, and Purchase Intention , 2008 .

[40]  Philippa Ward,et al.  Visual merchandising and the creation of discernible retail brands , 2003 .

[41]  T. J. Madden,et al.  Managing Images in Different Cultures: A Cross-National Study of Color Meanings and Preferences , 2000 .

[42]  David L. Corsun,et al.  Are consultants blowing smoke? An empirical test of the impact of menu layout on item sales , 2003 .

[43]  Suzana Markovic,et al.  Does Restaurant Performance Meet Customers' Expectations? An Assessment of Restaurant Service Quality Using a Modified Dineserv Approach , 2010 .

[44]  Barbara J. Juhasz,et al.  Tangible Words are Recognized Faster: The Grounding of Meaning in Sensory and Perceptual Systems , 2011, Quarterly journal of experimental psychology.

[45]  S. Hyun,et al.  Identifying Optimal Rapport-Building Behaviors In Inducing Patrons’ Emotional Attachment In Luxury Restaurants , 2014 .

[46]  Daniel M. Oppenheimer,et al.  Fortune favors the bold (and the Italicized): effects of disfluency on educational outcomes. , 2011, Cognition.

[47]  Carola Raab,et al.  Menu Engineering Using Activity-Based Costing: An Exploratory Study Using a Profit Factor Comparison Approach , 2010 .

[48]  Randi Priluck Grossman,et al.  What we know about consumers’ color choices , 1999 .

[49]  Juline E. Mills,et al.  Assessing Customer Expectations of Information Provided On Restaurant Menus: A Confirmatory Factor Analysis Approach , 2008 .

[50]  E. Hirschman Innovativeness, Novelty Seeking, and Consumer Creativity , 1980 .

[51]  Markus A. Maier,et al.  Chapter two - Color-in-Context Theory , 2012 .

[52]  L. Barsalou Situated simulation in the human conceptual system , 2003 .

[53]  Robert L. Underwood The Communicative Power of Product Packaging: Creating Brand Identity via Lived and Mediated Experience , 2003 .

[54]  Mubeen Aslam,et al.  Are You Selling the Right Colour? A Cross‐cultural Review of Colour as a Marketing Cue , 2006 .

[55]  Kevin Lane Keller Conceptualizing, Measuring, and Managing Customer-Based Brand Equity , 1993 .

[56]  Eva M. Hyatt,et al.  The Effects of Food Color on Perceived Flavor , 2000 .

[57]  Daniel M. Oppenheimer,et al.  Fortune favors the ( ): Effects of disfluency on educational outcomes , 2011, Cognition.

[58]  Bernd H. Schmitt,et al.  Managing Corporate and Brand Identities in the Asia-Pacific Region , 1994 .

[59]  Kiran Karande,et al.  The Frontline Provider’s Appearance , 2013 .

[60]  Charles Spence,et al.  The weight of the container influences expected satiety, perceived density, and subsequent expected fullness , 2012, Appetite.