The high risk of death by alcohol related diseases in subjects diagnosed as diabetic and impaired glucose tolerant: the Paris Prospective Study after 15 years of follow-up.

The 15 year mortality rates and causes of death are reported for the Paris Prospective Study cohort of 7180 working men, aged between 44 and 55 years who attended the first follow-up examination. All subjects were classified as normoglycaemic, impaired glucose tolerant or diabetic according to the WHO criteria, following an oral glucose tolerance test. The relative risks of death in comparison to the normoglycaemic group were 1.6 for impaired glucose tolerant and 2.3 for diabetic subjects; for death due to coronary heart disease: 1.7 and 2.3 respectively; for death due to alcohol and cirrhosis: 7.0 and 13.3 respectively. It appears that in this cohort a proportion of subjects screened as diabetic have impaired liver function and disturbed carbohydrate metabolism, due to excessive alcohol consumption. Alcohol should be investigated as a possible risk factor for diabetes, particularly in epidemiological studies where diabetes is diagnosed by the oral glucose tolerance test and the population has a high consumption of alcohol.

[1]  P. Bennett,et al.  Retinopathy in Pima Indians: Relationships to Glucose Level, Duration of Diabetes, Age at Diagnosis of Diabetes, and Age at Examination in a Population with a High Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus , 1976, Diabetes.

[2]  K. M. West.  Epidemiology of diabetes and its vascular lesions , 1978 .

[3]  A. Sasaki,et al.  Mortality and causes of death in type 2 diabetic patients. A long-term follow-up study in Osaka District, Japan. , 1989, Diabetes research and clinical practice.

[4]  G. B. Phillips,et al.  Alcoholic diabetes. Induction of glucose intolerance with alcohol. , 1971, JAMA.

[5]  Mashhood Ali,et al.  Diabetes mellitus in chronic active hepatitis and cirrhosis , 1984 .

[6]  R. Sicree,et al.  Plasma Insulin Response Among Nauruans: Prediction of Deterioration in Glucose Tolerance Over 6 Yr , 1987, Diabetes.

[7]  R. Peto,et al.  Asymptotically efficient rank invariant test procedure (with discussion). , 1972 .

[8]  A. D. De Nicola,et al.  The Placenta as a Glucocorticoid Target Tissue: Exchange Assay of (3H)-Dexamethasone Binding and Effect of Steroids on Receptor Content , 1983, Hormone and metabolic research = Hormon- und Stoffwechselforschung = Hormones et metabolisme.

[9]  S. Haffner,et al.  Hyperinsulinemia in a population at high risk for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. , 1986, The New England journal of medicine.

[10]  P. A. Keilman.  Alcohol consumption and diabetes mellitus mortality in different countries. , 1983, American journal of public health.

[11]  K. Rothman.  The proportion of cancer attributable to alcohol consumption. , 1980, Preventive medicine.

[12]  J. Olsen,et al.  Effect of combined alcohol and tobacco exposure on risk of cancer of the hypopharynx. , 1985, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[13]  M. Carey,et al.  Effect of moderate alcohol intake on blood chemistry values. , 1971, JAMA.

[14]  H. Tunstall-Pedoe.  Autres pays, autres moeurs. , 1988, BMJ.

[15]  M. Taskinen,et al.  Ethanol-induced Alterations of Glucose Tolerance, Postglucose Hypoglycemia, and Insulin Secretion in Normal, Obese, and Diabetic Subjects , 1975, Diabetes.

[16]  A. Sasaki,et al.  Survival rates and causes of death of diabetics in Japan: a 10-year follow-up study. , 1980, Journal of chronic diseases.

[17]  A. Siegelaub,et al.  Serum Glucose Levels and Alcohol-consumption Habits in a Large Population , 1977, Diabetes.

[18]  I. I. Kessler.  Mortality experience of diabetic patients. A twenty-six-year follow-up study. , 1971, The American journal of medicine.

[19]  P. Guénel,et al.  A study of the interaction of alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking among French cases of laryngeal cancer. , 1988, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[20]  U. Fasting,et al.  Interaction of alcohol and tobacco as risk factors in cancer of the laryngeal region. , 1985, Journal of epidemiology and community health.

[21]  A. Tuyns.  Epidemiology of alcohol and cancer. , 1979, Cancer research.

[22]  E. Kaplan,et al.  Nonparametric Estimation from Incomplete Observations , 1958 .

[23]  W. Creutzfeldt,et al.  Liver diseases and diabetes mellitus. , 1970, Progress in liver diseases.

[24]  L. Wilhelmsen,et al.  Separate and combined effects of smoking and alcohol abuse in middle-aged men. , 2009, Acta medica Scandinavica.

[25]  P. Guénel,et al.  Alcohol and tobacco consumption in cancer of the mouth, pharynx, and larynx: A study of 316 female patients , 1988, The Laryngoscope.

[26]  N. E. Breslow.  Statistical Methods in Cancer Research , 1986 .

[27]  J. Malins.  Clinical Diabetes Mellitus , 1968, Diabetes.

[28]  D. E. Lamphiear,et al.  Relationship of serum lipid concentrations to alcohol consumption. , 1974, Archives of internal medicine.

[29]  M. Stern.  Type II Diabetes Mellitus: Interface Between Clinical and Epidemiological Investigation , 1988, Diabetes Care.

[30]  W. Creutzfeldt,et al.  Diabetes Mellitus: Pathophysiology and Therapy , 1989, Bayer AG Centenary Symposium.

[31]  M. Hillbom,et al.  What supports the role of alcohol as a risk factor for stroke? , 2009, Acta medica Scandinavica. Supplementum.

[32]  P. Salmela,et al.  Liver Function Tests in Diabetic Patients , 1984, Diabetes Care.

[33]  G. Reaven,et al.  Moderate ethanol ingestion and plasma triglyceride levels. A study in normal and hypertriglyceridemic persons. , 1974, Annals of internal medicine.

[34]  V. Marks,et al.  Glucose tolerance and diabetes in chronic liver disease. , 1967, Lancet.

[35]  J. Madans,et al.  Mortality among diabetics in a national sample. , 1988, American journal of epidemiology.

[36]  P. Guénel,et al.  Incidence of the Upper Respiratory and Digestive Tract Cancers and Consumption of Alcohol and Tobacco in Denmark , 1988, Scandinavian journal of social medicine.

[37]  K. Rothman,et al.  The effect of joint exposure to alcohol and tobacco on risk of cancer of the mouth and pharynx. , 1972, Journal of chronic diseases.

[38]  P Ducimetière,et al.  Coronary heart disease mortality in relation with diabetes, blood glucose and plasma insulin levels. The Paris Prospective Study, ten years later. , 1985, Hormone and metabolic research. Supplement series.

[39]  Okonkwo Po,et al.  Raised gamma glutamyl transferase in Nigerian diabetics: possible clinical implications. , 1983 .

[40]  V. Marks,et al.  Alcohol and diabetes. A position paper prepared by the Nutrition Subcommittee of the British Diabetic Association's Medical Advisory Committee and approved by the Executive Council of the British Diabetic Association. , 1985, Human nutrition. Applied nutrition.

[41]  H. King,et al.  The high prevalence of diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetic retinopathy in Nauru--the 1982 survey. , 1984, Diabetes research.

[42]  C. Moy,et al.  Epidemiology — Its Contribution to Understanding of the Etiology, Pathogenesis, and Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus , 1989 .

[43]  J. Vallin,et al.  Les causes de décès en France de 1925 a 1978 , 1988 .

[44]  J. Peto,et al.  Asymptotically Efficient Rank Invariant Test Procedures , 1972 .

[45]  P. Guénel,et al.  Differential effects of tobacco and alcohol in cancer of the larynx, pharynx, and mouth , 1986, Cancer.

[46]  G. Cathelineau,et al.  Pattern of Treatment Among Diabetic Patients in France , 1988, Diabetes Care.

[47]  H. King,et al.  Diabetic retinopathy in Nauruans. , 1983, American journal of epidemiology.

[48]  I. I. Kessler.  Cancer and diabetes mellitus. A review of the literature. , 1971, Journal of chronic diseases.