Electrochemical investigation of chloride-induced depassivation of black steel rebar under simulated service conditions

Electrochemical measurements of chloride thresholds are reported in simulated concrete pore solution for as-received and surface-modified rebar in an experimental apparatus designed to simulate service conditions. Surface modification led to higher chloride thresholds and reduced variability. The variability in thresholds for as-received rebar was represented by a log-normal distribution; therefore, simple averages of chloride thresholds, without reference to underlying distribution, might not provide reliable indicators of depassivation. The relative constancy of electrochemical measurements below thresholds, and the dependence of the thresholds on surface conditions, suggests that rebar depassivation is likely caused by local critical chemical conditions at the steel surface.

[1]  B. Titze,et al.  Pitting potentials and inhibition potentials of iron and nickel for different aggressive and inhibiting anions , 1977 .

[2]  Michael D.A. Thomas,et al.  Chloride thresholds in marine concrete , 1996 .

[3]  V. Gouda.  Corrosion and Corrosion Inhibition of Reinforcing Steel: I. Immersed in Alkaline Solutions , 1970 .

[4]  Brian B. Hope,et al.  The influence of surface finish of reinforcing steel and ph of the test solution on the chloride threshold concentration for corrosion initiation in synthetic pore solutions , 1996 .

[5]  G. Glass,et al.  The inhibitive effects of electrochemical treatment applied to steel in concrete , 2000 .

[6]  Ws Tait,et al.  Analyzing and Interpreting Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Data from Internally Coated Steel Aerosol Containers , 1993 .

[7]  C. Andrade,et al.  Synthetic concrete pore solution chemistry and rebar corrosion rate in the presence of chlorides , 1990 .

[8]  D. Hausmann,et al.  STEEL CORROSION IN CONCRETE -- HOW DOES IT OCCUR? , 1967 .

[9]  B. T. Molloy,et al.  Factors influencing chloride-induced corrosion of reinforcement in concrete , 1992 .

[10]  S. Jang,et al.  Experimental investigation of the threshold chloride concentration for corrosion initiation in reinforced concrete structures , 2003 .

[11]  M. Graham,et al.  An aes and sims study of the influence of chloride on the passive oxide film on iron , 1986 .

[12]  A. Sagüés,et al.  Chloride Corrosion Threshold of Reinforcing Steel in Alkaline Solutions—Cyclic Polarization Behavior , 2002 .

[13]  J. Galvele,et al.  The mechanism of pitting of high purity iron in NaCl solutions , 1984 .

[14]  C. Andrade,et al.  Equilibria of the chemical composition of the concrete pore solution. Part I: Comparative study of synthetic and extracted solutions , 1987 .

[15]  Carolyn M. Hansson,et al.  Reinforcing steel passivation in mortar and pore solution , 2007 .

[16]  G. A. McRae,et al.  The effect of concrete pore solution composition on the quality of passive oxide films on black steel reinforcement , 2009 .

[17]  A. Sagüés,et al.  Technical Note: Crevice Effect on Corrosion of Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Solutions , 2000 .

[18]  Ns Berke,et al.  Electrochemical Methods of Determining the Corrosivity of Steel in Concrete , 1990 .

[19]  Alberto A. Sagüés,et al.  Chloride Corrosion Threshold of Reinforcing Steel in Alkaline Solutions—Open-Circuit Immersion Tests , 2001 .

[20]  C. L. Page,et al.  Pore solution composition and chloride binding capacity of silica-fume cement pastes , 1983 .

[21]  O. A. Kayyali,et al.  THE C1-/OH- RATIO IN CHLORIDE-CONTAMINATED CONCRETE - A MOST IMPORTANT CRITERION , 1995 .

[22]  Mohammad Pour-Ghaz,et al.  The effect of temperature on the corrosion of steel in concrete. Part 1: Simulated polarization resistance tests and model development , 2009 .

[23]  M. Janik-Czachor,et al.  An Assessment of the Processes Leading to Pit Nucleation on Iron , 1981 .

[24]  M. C. Alonso,et al.  Corrosion of reinforcing steel in neutral and acid solutions simulating the electrolytic environments in the micropores of concrete in the propagation period , 2005 .

[25]  M. Saremi,et al.  A study on chloride-induced depassivation of mild steel in simulated concrete pore solution , 2002 .

[26]  David Trejo,et al.  SURFACE CONDITION EFFECTS ON CRITICAL CHLORIDE THRESHOLD OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT , 2005 .

[27]  C. Nmai.  Multi-functional organic corrosion inhibitor , 2004 .

[28]  M. Ergun,et al.  Pitting potential and protection potential of carbon steel for chloride ion and the effectiveness of different inhibiting anions , 1991 .

[29]  B. Allard,et al.  Chemical composition of cement pore solutions , 1989 .

[30]  A. Diab,et al.  Environmental factors affecting the corrosion behavior of reinforcing steel III. Measurement of pitting corrosion currents of steel in Ca(OH)2 solutions under natural corrosion conditions , 2009 .

[31]  C. Andrade,et al.  Chloride threshold values to depassivate reinforcing bars embedded in a standardized OPC mortar , 2000 .

[32]  J. A. Page,et al.  Corrosion rates of steel in concrete , 1986 .

[33]  G. Glass,et al.  The presentation of the chloride threshold level for corrosion of steel in concrete , 1997 .

[34]  Vicente Feliu,et al.  Equivalent circuit for modelling the steel-concrete interface. I. Experimental evidence and theoretical predictions , 1998 .

[35]  Alberto A. Sagüés,et al.  Chloride Corrosion Threshold of Reinforcing Steel in Alkaline Solutions—Effect of Specimen Size , 2004 .

[36]  W. Breit,et al.  Kritischer Chloridgehalt – Untersuchungen an Stahl in chloridhaltigen alkalischen Lösungen , 1998 .

[37]  C. L. Page,et al.  Pore solution chemistry and corrosion in hydrated cement systems containing chloride salts: a study of cation specific effects , 1986 .

[38]  Rasheeduzzafar,et al.  Effect of Tricalcium Aluminate Content of Cement on Chloride Binding Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel in Concrete , 1993 .

[39]  Yoon-Seok Choi,et al.  Corrosion behavior of steel bar embedded in fly ash concrete , 2006 .

[40]  Sebastián Feliu,et al.  Initial steps of corrosion in the steel/Ca(OH)2 + Cl− system: The role of heterogeneities on the steel surface and oxygen supply , 1993 .

[41]  Rasheeduzzafar,et al.  Factors affecting threshold chloride for reinforcement corrosion in concrete , 1995 .

[42]  T. Devine,et al.  The influence of sulfate ions on the surface enhanced raman spectra of passive films formed on iron , 1994 .

[43]  P. A. Brook,et al.  The breakdown of passive films on iron , 1988 .

[44]  E. Mahallati,et al.  An assessment on the mill scale effects on the electrochemical characteristics of steel bars in concrete under DC-polarization , 2006 .

[45]  G. Glass,et al.  The influence of chloride binding on the chloride induced corrosion risk in reinforced concrete , 2000 .

[46]  K. Heusler,et al.  Kinetics of Pit Initiation at Passive Iron , 1976 .

[47]  H. Leckie.  A Contribution to the Applicability of Critical Pitting Potentials , 1970 .

[48]  C. Monticelli,et al.  Electrochemical Study on Inhibitors of Rebar Corrosion in Carbonated Concrete , 2005 .

[49]  Rasheeduzzafar,et al.  CHLORIDE THRESHOLD FOR CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE , 1996 .

[50]  D. C. Silverman,et al.  Electrochemical Impedance: Analysis and Interpretation , 1993 .

[51]  C. Hansson,et al.  The Threshold Concentration of Chloride in Concrete for the Initiation of Reinforcement Corrosion , 1990 .

[52]  Tracy Dawn Marcotte,et al.  Characterization of chloride-induced corrosion products that form in steel-reinforced cementitious materials , 2001 .