Molecular Biology of Sugar Transporters in Plants

Both lower and higher plants have been shown to possess efficient transport systems for the uptake of sugars across the plasmalemma. Genes encoding transport proteins for both mono- and disaccharides have been cloned recently. The main cloning strategies — differential screening, complementation cloning in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and heterologous screening — are briefly summarized. The relationship of plant sugar transporters to a superfamily of more than 50 uni-, sym-, and antiporters cloned so far is discussed. Various possibilities for heterologous expression (in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Xenopus oocytes) of plant sugar transporters are described and compared. Eight D-glucose transporters (from yeast to Arabidopsis to man) only possess 7% identical amino acids. First site-directed mutations of the Chlorella HUP1 transporter indicate that at least transmembrane helices 5, 7 and 11 line the D-glucose specific path through the membrane. The genomic structures of two plant transporters are outlined; the glycosylation of transport proteins as well as their tissue specificity is discussed.

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