Mending the broken brain: neuroimmune interactions in neurogenesis

J. Neurochem. (2010) 114, 1277–1290.

[1]  J. Kuo,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor-alpha modulates the proliferation of neural progenitors in the subventricular/ventricular zone of adult rat brain , 2000, Neuroscience Letters.

[2]  V. Roca,et al.  The more you have, the less you get: the functional role of inflammation on neuronal differentiation of endogenous and transplanted neural stem cells in the adult brain , 2010, Journal of neurochemistry.

[3]  Eric J. Nestler,et al.  Chronic Antidepressant Treatment Increases Neurogenesis in Adult Rat Hippocampus , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[4]  N. Rothwell,et al.  Inflammation in central nervous system injury. , 2003, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.

[5]  S. Rivest.  Regulation of innate immune responses in the brain , 2009, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[6]  Yaniv Ziv,et al.  Microglia activated by IL-4 or IFN-γ differentially induce neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis from adult stem/progenitor cells , 2006, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[7]  R. Landmann,et al.  Cooperation between toll‐like receptor 2 and 4 in the brain of mice challenged with cell wall components derived from gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria , 2003, European journal of immunology.

[8]  Steven J. Greco,et al.  Enhancing Effect of IL-1α on Neurogenesis from Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Implication for Inflammatory Mediators in Regenerative Medicine1 , 2007, The Journal of Immunology.

[9]  Lin Xie,et al.  Evidence for stroke-induced neurogenesis in the human brain , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[10]  S. Rivest,et al.  Innate immunity triggers oligodendrocyte progenitor reactivity and confines damages to brain injuries , 2006, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[11]  P. Popovich,et al.  Can the immune system be harnessed to repair the CNS? , 2008, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[12]  B. Cravatt,et al.  The Endocannabinoid System Promotes Astroglial Differentiation by Acting on Neural Progenitor Cells , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[13]  D. Steindler,et al.  Microglia instruct subventricular zone neurogenesis , 2006, Glia.

[14]  V. Perry,et al.  What is the blood-brain barrier (not)? , 2007, Trends in immunology.

[15]  Rafael J. Yáñez-Muñoz,et al.  A diacylglycerol lipase-CB2 cannabinoid pathway regulates adult subventricular zone neurogenesis in an age-dependent manner , 2008, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[16]  L. Boulanger,et al.  Immune Proteins in Brain Development and Synaptic Plasticity , 2009, Neuron.

[17]  Detlef Balschun,et al.  A neuromodulatory role of interleukin-1β in the hippocampus , 1998 .

[18]  C. Humpel,et al.  Brain capillary endothelial cells proliferate in response to NGF, express NGF receptors and secrete NGF after inflammation , 2004, Brain Research.

[19]  Benjamin E. Deverman,et al.  Cytokines and CNS Development , 2009, Neuron.

[20]  R. Mechoulam,et al.  Cannabinoids provide neuroprotection against 6-hydroxydopamine toxicity in vivo and in vitro: Relevance to Parkinson's disease , 2005, Neurobiology of Disease.

[21]  H. Kettenmann,et al.  Microglia: active sensor and versatile effector cells in the normal and pathologic brain , 2007, Nature Neuroscience.

[22]  F. Doetsch,et al.  The glial identity of neural stem cells , 2003, Nature Neuroscience.

[23]  C. Heldin,et al.  Interleukin-6 and Neural Stem Cells: More than Gliogenesis to Further Clarify the Specific Role of Il-6 and Its Specific Il-6r on Nscs' Phenotype Change and Differentiation, We , 2008 .

[24]  Human neural progenitor cells display limited cytotoxicity and increased oligodendrogenesis during inflammation , 2007, Cell Death and Differentiation.

[25]  F. Chan,et al.  Three is better than one: pre-ligand receptor assembly in the regulation of TNF receptor signaling. , 2007, Cytokine.

[26]  L. Steinman,et al.  Innate and Adaptive Autoimmunity Directed to the Central Nervous System , 2009, Neuron.

[27]  C. Dinarello,et al.  Interleukin-1 stimulates diacylglycerol production in T lymphocytes by a novel mechanism , 1988, Cell.

[28]  C. Unger,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor induces rapid production of 1'2'diacylglycerol by a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C , 1991, The Journal of experimental medicine.

[29]  J. de Vellis,et al.  Regulation of an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell line by the interleukin‐6 family of cytokines , 1994, Glia.

[30]  M. Chopp,et al.  Stroke-Induced Subventricular Zone Proliferation is Promoted by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Converting Enzyme Protease Activity , 2007, Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism.

[31]  H. Tilg,et al.  IL-6 and APPs: anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive mediators. , 1997, Immunology today.

[32]  Gareth Williams,et al.  Cloning of the first sn1-DAG lipases points to the spatial and temporal regulation of endocannabinoid signaling in the brain , 2003, The Journal of cell biology.

[33]  T. Bártfai,et al.  Cytokine Regulation of Neuronal Survival , 1992, Journal of neurochemistry.

[34]  Moses Rodriguez,et al.  Recombinant human IL-6 suppresses demyelination in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. , 1994, Journal of immunology.

[35]  Michela Matteoli,et al.  Hardwiring the Brain: Endocannabinoids Shape Neuronal Connectivity , 2007, Science.

[36]  M. Krönke,et al.  The role of diacylglycerol and ceramide in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin‐1 signal transduction , 1994, Journal of leukocyte biology.

[37]  Peihua Lu,et al.  Interleukin-1β mediates proliferation and differentiation of multipotent neural precursor cells through the activation of SAPK/JNK pathway , 2007, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[38]  T. Postolache,,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6 and major histocompatibility complex molecules in the normal brain and after peripheral immune challenge , 2005, Neurological research.

[39]  Hiroki Toda,et al.  Inflammatory Blockade Restores Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis , 2003, Science.

[40]  C. Ledent,et al.  Direct suppression of CNS autoimmune inflammation via the cannabinoid receptor CB1 on neurons and CB2 on autoreactive T cells , 2007, Nature Medicine.

[41]  P S Whitton,et al.  Inflammation as a causative factor in the aetiology of Parkinson's disease , 2007, British journal of pharmacology.

[42]  C. Martín,et al.  Role of interleukin-1beta in the control of neuroepithelial proliferation and differentiation of the spinal cord during development. , 2007, Cytokine.

[43]  A. Arévalo-Martı́n,et al.  Cannabinoids modulate Olig2 and polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule expression in the subventricular zone of post‐natal rats through cannabinoid receptor 1 and cannabinoid receptor 2 , 2007, The European journal of neuroscience.

[44]  Laurenz Wiskott,et al.  Functional significance of adult neurogenesis , 2004, Current Opinion in Neurobiology.

[45]  I. Goshen,et al.  Interleukin-1 (IL-1): A central regulator of stress responses , 2009, Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology.

[46]  P. Kivisäkk,et al.  Increased interleukin-6 mRNA expression in blood and cerebrospinal fluid mononuclear cells in multiple sclerosis , 1996, Journal of Neuroimmunology.

[47]  K. Plate,et al.  Increased Generation of Neuronal Progenitors after Ischemic Injury in the Aged Adult Human Forebrain , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[48]  Anne Baron-Van Evercooren,et al.  Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mobilizes neural progenitors from the subventricular zone to undergo oligodendrogenesis in adult mice , 2002, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[49]  Yaniv Ziv,et al.  Toll-like receptors modulate adult hippocampal neurogenesis , 2007, Nature Cell Biology.

[50]  F. Berrendero,et al.  Localization of mRNA expression and activation of signal transduction mechanisms for cannabinoid receptor in rat brain during fetal development. , 1998, Development.

[51]  R. Barker,et al.  Adult neurogenesis is unaffected by a functional knock-out of MHC class I in mice , 2010, NeuroReport.

[52]  B. Winblad,et al.  Blunted neurogenesis and gliosis due to transgenic overexpression of human soluble IL‐1ra in the mouse , 2008, The European journal of neuroscience.

[53]  E. Snyder,et al.  Neural stem/progenitor cells express costimulatory molecules that are differentially regulated by inflammatory and apoptotic stimuli. , 2004, The American journal of pathology.

[54]  S. Miller,et al.  Epitope spreading initiates in the CNS in two mouse models of multiple sclerosis , 2005, Nature Medicine.

[55]  O. Lindvall,et al.  Long‐term accumulation of microglia with proneurogenic phenotype concomitant with persistent neurogenesis in adult subventricular zone after stroke , 2009, Glia.

[56]  J. García-Verdugo,et al.  Persistent inflammation alters the function of the endogenous brain stem cell compartment , 2008, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[57]  D. MacEwan.  TNF ligands and receptors – a matter of life and death , 2002, British journal of pharmacology.

[58]  U. Otten,et al.  Interleukin-6 (IL-6)—A molecule with both beneficial and destructive potentials , 1997, Progress in Neurobiology.

[59]  E. Nestler,et al.  Nuclear factor-κB is a critical mediator of stress-impaired neurogenesis and depressive behavior , 2010, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[60]  I. Thesleff,et al.  A lipophilic iron chelator can replace transferrin as a stimulator of cell proliferation and differentiation , 1984, The Journal of cell biology.

[61]  T. Yamashita,et al.  TNF-α contributes to axonal sprouting and functional recovery following traumatic brain injury , 2009, Brain Research.

[62]  Jonathan D. Moore,et al.  CB2 cannabinoid receptors promote mouse neural stem cell proliferation , 2007, The European journal of neuroscience.

[63]  B. Melchior,et al.  CNS immune privilege: hiding in plain sight , 2006, Immunological reviews.

[64]  M. Svensson,et al.  TLR Activation Induces TNF-α Production from Adult Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells1 , 2009, The Journal of Immunology.

[65]  N. Picard-Riéra,et al.  The role of SVZ-derived neural precursors in demyelinating diseases: From animal models to multiple sclerosis , 2008, Journal of the Neurological Sciences.

[66]  Oscar Gonzalez-Perez,et al.  Origin of Oligodendrocytes in the Subventricular Zone of the Adult Brain , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[67]  O. Lindvall,et al.  26 Neurogenesis following Stroke Affecting the Adult Brain , 2008 .

[68]  N. Mochizuki,et al.  Angiopoietin-1/Tie2 receptor signaling in vascular quiescence and angiogenesis. , 2010, Histology and histopathology.

[69]  S. Tzeng,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-18 modulate neuronal cell fate in embryonic neural progenitor culture , 2005, Brain Research.

[70]  M. Mattson,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced neutral sphingomyelinase‐2 modulates synaptic plasticity by controlling the membrane insertion of NMDA receptors , 2009, Journal of neurochemistry.

[71]  Hongjun Song,et al.  Neurogenesis in the adult brain: new strategies for central nervous system diseases. , 2004, Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology.

[72]  R. Mechoulam,et al.  Chemical Basis of Hashish Activity , 1970, Science.

[73]  M. Pangalos,et al.  Loss of Retrograde Endocannabinoid Signaling and Reduced Adult Neurogenesis in Diacylglycerol Lipase Knock-out Mice , 2010, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[74]  M. Chopp,et al.  Nitric oxide donor up‐regulation of SDF1/CXCR4 and Ang1/Tie2 promotes neuroblast cell migration after stroke , 2009, Journal of neuroscience research.

[75]  I. Galve-Roperh,et al.  The Endocannabinoid System and Neurogenesis in Health and Disease , 2007, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[76]  O. Ullrich,et al.  Endocannabinoids and the Brain Immune System: New Neurones at the Horizon? , 2008, Journal of neuroendocrinology.

[77]  F. Gage,et al.  Identification of astrocyte-expressed factors that modulate neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation. , 2006, Stem cells and development.

[78]  A. Ho,et al.  Regulation of Astroglial-Derived Dopaminergic Neurotrophic Factors by Interleukin-1β in the Striatum of Young and Middle-Aged Mice , 1997, Experimental Neurology.

[79]  I. Goshen,et al.  Intrahippocampal Transplantation of Transgenic Neural Precursor Cells Overexpressing Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Blocks Chronic Isolation-Induced Impairment in Memory and Neurogenesis , 2008, Neuropsychopharmacology.

[80]  G. Cabral,et al.  Emerging role of the cannabinoid receptor CB2 in immune regulation: therapeutic prospects for neuroinflammation , 2009, Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine.

[81]  C. Ballard,et al.  Endogenous neurogenesis in the human brain following cerebral infarction. , 2007, Regenerative medicine.

[82]  E. Masliah,et al.  Role of Synucleins in Alzheimer’s Disease , 2009, Neurotoxicity Research.

[83]  V. Perry,et al.  What is immune privilege (not)? , 2007, Trends in immunology.

[84]  K. Jin,et al.  Cannabinoids and Neuroprotection in Global and Focal Cerebral Ischemia and in Neuronal Cultures , 1999, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[85]  Samia J. Khoury,et al.  Directed migration of neural stem cells to sites of CNS injury by the stromal cell-derived factor 1α/CXC chemokine receptor 4 pathway , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[86]  P. Taupin.  Adult neurogenesis in mammals. , 2006, Current opinion in molecular therapeutics.

[87]  Yaniv Ziv,et al.  Synergy between immune cells and adult neural stem/progenitor cells promotes functional recovery from spinal cord injury , 2006, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[88]  N. Rothwell,et al.  Interleukin-1 and neuronal injury , 2005, Nature Reviews Immunology.

[89]  O. Lindvall,et al.  TNF-α antibody infusion impairs survival of stroke-generated neuroblasts in adult rat brain , 2005, Experimental Neurology.

[90]  G. Kempermann,et al.  Adaptive peripheral immune response increases proliferation of neural precursor cells in the adult hippocampus , 2009, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[91]  O. Lindvall,et al.  Brain inflammation and adult neurogenesis: The dual role of microglia , 2009, Neuroscience.

[92]  D. Andersson,et al.  Tumour necrosis factor alpha induces rapid reduction in AMPA receptor‐mediated calcium entry in motor neurones by increasing cell surface expression of the GluR2 subunit: relevance to neurodegeneration , 2010, Journal of neurochemistry.

[93]  L. Calzà,et al.  Proliferation and phenotype regulation in the subventricular zone during experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: in vivo evidence of a role for nerve growth factor. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[94]  S. Ben-Shabat,et al.  An endogenous cannabinoid (2-AG) is neuroprotective after brain injury , 2001, Nature.

[95]  G. Martino,et al.  Neural stem cells: guardians of the brain , 2007, Nature Cell Biology.

[96]  V. Marzo.  Endocannabinoids: synthesis and degradation. , 2006 .

[97]  A. Graham,et al.  The endocannabinoid receptor, CB1, is required for normal axonal growth and fasciculation , 2008, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[98]  Gelin Xu,et al.  Intranasal delivery of transforming growth factor-beta1 in mice after stroke reduces infarct volume and increases neurogenesis in the subventricular zone , 2008, BMC Neuroscience.

[99]  K. Frei,et al.  Tumor Necrosis Factor (cid:2) and Lymphotoxin (cid:2) Are Not Required for Induction of Acute Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis , 2002 .

[100]  F. Gage,et al.  A Nurr1/CoREST Pathway in Microglia and Astrocytes Protects Dopaminergic Neurons from Inflammation-Induced Death , 2009, Cell.

[101]  G. Semenza,et al.  Selective Inhibition of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) Prolyl-Hydroxylase 1 Mediates Neuroprotection against Normoxic Oxidative Death via HIF- and CREB-Independent Pathways , 2009, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[102]  J. Koo,et al.  IL-1β is an essential mediator of the antineurogenic and anhedonic effects of stress , 2008, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[103]  Henrik Ahlenius,et al.  Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 Is a Negative Regulator of Progenitor Proliferation in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis , 2006, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[104]  J. Roh,et al.  Transplantation of human neural stem cells protect against ischemia in a preventive mode via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stabilization in the host brain , 2008, Brain Research.

[105]  C. Vanderlugt,et al.  Endogenous presentation of self myelin epitopes by CNS-resident APCs in Theiler's virus-infected mice. , 1999, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[106]  R. Barker,et al.  Dopaminergic modulation of neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of the adult brain , 2009, Cell cycle.

[107]  E. Perry,et al.  Increased neural progenitors in vascular dementia , 2011, Neurobiology of Aging.

[108]  G. Pirianov,et al.  Attenuation of proliferation in oligodendrocyte precursor cells by activated microglia , 2010, Journal of neuroscience research.

[109]  S. Miller,et al.  Innate and adaptive immune responses of the central nervous system. , 2006, Critical reviews in immunology.

[110]  J. Vanderhaeghen,et al.  Distribution of neuronal cannabinoid receptor in the adult rat brain: A comparative receptor binding radioautography and in situ hybridization histochemistry , 1992, Neuroscience.

[111]  Yaniv Ziv,et al.  Induction and blockage of oligodendrogenesis by differently activated microglia in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. , 2006, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[112]  Arnold Kriegstein,et al.  The glial nature of embryonic and adult neural stem cells. , 2009, Annual review of neuroscience.

[113]  Richard L. M. Faull,et al.  The effect of neurodegenerative diseases on the subventricular zone , 2007, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[114]  É. Mezey,et al.  Transforming growth factor α induces angiogenesis and neurogenesis following stroke , 2009, Neuroscience.

[115]  T. Jilling,et al.  Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 gene expression by glial cells. Differential mechanisms of inhibition by IL-10 and IL-6. , 1995, Journal of immunology.

[116]  J. Ting,et al.  TNFα promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination , 2001, Nature Neuroscience.

[117]  H. Friedman,et al.  Theiler's Virus Infection: a Model for Multiple Sclerosis , 2004, Clinical Microbiology Reviews.

[118]  Kathryn J. Jones,et al.  CD4-Positive T Cell-Mediated Neuroprotection Requires Dual Compartment Antigen Presentation , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[119]  D. Chaplin,et al.  Interleukin-1β Promotes Repair of the CNS , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[120]  G. Martino.  How the brain repairs itself: new therapeutic strategies in inflammatory and degenerative CNS disorders , 2004, The Lancet Neurology.

[121]  N. Stella.  Cannabinoid signaling in glial cells , 2004, Glia.

[122]  Matthew S. Grubb,et al.  Adult neurogenesis and functional plasticity in neuronal circuits , 2006, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[123]  F. Walsh,et al.  The FGF receptor uses the endocannabinoid signaling system to couple to an axonal growth response , 2003, The Journal of cell biology.

[124]  T. Hagg,et al.  A disintegrin and metalloprotease 21 (ADAM21) is associated with neurogenesis and axonal growth in developing and adult rodent CNS , 2005, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[125]  C. Newton,et al.  Therapeutic potential of cannabinoid-based drugs. , 2007, Advances in experimental medicine and biology.

[126]  T. Palmer,et al.  Immune Influence on Adult Neural Stem Cell Regulation and Function , 2009, Neuron.

[127]  E. Cacci,et al.  Microglia‐derived tumor necrosis factor‐α exaggerates death of newborn hippocampal progenitor cells in vitro , 2005, Journal of neuroscience research.

[128]  M. Elvers,et al.  Tumor necrosis factor α triggers proliferation of adult neural stem cells via IKK/NF-κB signaling , 2006, BMC Neuroscience.

[129]  F. Dubas,et al.  Neuropathie démyélinisante au cours d’un traitement par anti-TNF alpha et revue de la littérature , 2007 .

[130]  Yaniv Ziv,et al.  Immune cells contribute to the maintenance of neurogenesis and spatial learning abilities in adulthood , 2006, Nature Neuroscience.

[131]  C. Guaza,et al.  Activation of the endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic approach in a murine model of multiple sclerosis , 2005, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[132]  B. Baune,et al.  Evidence for a cytokine model of cognitive function , 2009, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[133]  C. Dinarello,et al.  Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in disease. , 1996, Blood.

[134]  O. Lindvall,et al.  Stem cells in human neurodegenerative disorders--time for clinical translation? , 2010, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[135]  G. Almazan,et al.  Interleukin-1 Regulates Proliferation and Differentiation of Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells , 2002, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[136]  H. Nishino,et al.  Enhanced neurogenesis from neural progenitor cells with G1/S‐phase cell cycle arrest is mediated by transforming growth factor β1 , 2008, The European journal of neuroscience.

[137]  H. Nishino,et al.  Increase in dopaminergic neurons from mouse embryonic stem cell‐derived neural progenitor/stem cells is mediated by hypoxia inducible factor‐1α , 2008, Journal of neuroscience research.

[138]  E. Ainbinder,et al.  Increased myelinating capacity of embryonic stem cell derived oligodendrocyte precursors after treatment by interleukin-6/soluble interleukin-6 receptor fusion protein , 2006, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[139]  M. Mattson,et al.  Altered neuronal and microglial responses to excitotoxic and ischemic brain injury in mice lacking TNF receptors , 1996, Nature Medicine.

[140]  P. Bartlett,et al.  Cytokines which signal through the LIF receptor and their actions in the nervous system , 1997, Progress in Neurobiology.

[141]  S. Rivest,et al.  Bone-marrow-derived microglia: myth or reality? , 2008, Current opinion in pharmacology.

[142]  M. Eder,et al.  CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors and On-Demand Defense Against Excitotoxicity , 2003, Science.

[143]  R. Levenson,et al.  Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor Activates Spinal Cord Astrocytes, Stimulating Their Production and Release of Fibroblast Growth Factor-2, to Increase Motor Neuron Survival , 2002, Experimental Neurology.

[144]  A. Arévalo-Martı́n,et al.  The endocannabinoid system modulates a transient TNF pathway that induces neural stem cell proliferation , 2008, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience.

[145]  M. Schwartz,et al.  The emergence of a new science of the mind: immunology benefits the mind , 2010, Molecular Psychiatry.

[146]  S. Bauer.  Cytokine Control of Adult Neural Stem Cells , 2009, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[147]  O. Lindvall,et al.  Inflammation is detrimental for neurogenesis in adult brain , 2003, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[148]  F. Gage,et al.  Reduced Hippocampal Neurogenesis in Adult Transgenic Mice with Chronic Astrocytic Production of Interleukin-6 , 2002, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[149]  C. Shatz,et al.  MHC Class I: An Unexpected Role in Neuronal Plasticity , 2009, Neuron.

[150]  K. Waku,et al.  2-Arachidonoylglycerol and the cannabinoid receptors. , 2000, Chemistry and physics of lipids.

[151]  H. Thoenen,et al.  Regulation of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Synthesis in the Rat Central Nervous System: Comparison between the Effects of Interleukin‐1 and Various Growth Factors in Astrocyte Cultures and in vivo , 1990, The European journal of neuroscience.

[152]  S. Carmichael,et al.  Poststroke Neurogenesis: Emerging Principles of Migration and Localization of Immature Neurons , 2008, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[153]  S. Mckercher,et al.  At the interface of the immune system and the nervous system: how neuroinflammation modulates the fate of neural progenitors in vivo. , 2005, Ernst Schering Research Foundation workshop.

[154]  Theo Hagg,et al.  The ADAMs family: Coordinators of nervous system development, plasticity and repair , 2006, Progress in Neurobiology.

[155]  E. Hirsch,et al.  Activation of the subventricular zone in multiple sclerosis: Evidence for early glial progenitors , 2007, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.