Lithography-free fabrication of field effect transistor channels with randomly contact-printed black phosphorus flakes

Abstract Black phosphorus (BP) has distinctive properties of tunable direct band gap as a semiconductor material, and both high carrier mobility and on/off switching performance for electronic devices, but has a significant drawback of material degradation in ambient atmosphere. Also, unlike graphene or MoS2, BP is only synthesized in bulk shapes limiting the fabrication of thin film-based devices. We demonstrated a contact printing process for BP field effect transistors (FET) with the steps of mechanical exfoliation of BP flakes and their randomized stamping in dry-transfer regime. The contact printing featured by fast, continuous and solvent-free process on the pre-patterned electrodes guarantees high process efficiency providing immunity against the chemical degradation of BP layers. With asymmetric I-V characteristics, the resultant BP-channelized FET shows the electrical properties of on/off current ratio, hole mobility, and subthreshold swing as > 102, ~ 130 cm2/Vs, and ~ 4.6 V/dec, respectively.

[1]  Soohwan Jang,et al.  Platinum-functionalized black phosphorus hydrogen sensors , 2017 .

[2]  Yong-Wei Zhang,et al.  Layer-dependent Band Alignment and Work Function of Few-Layer Phosphorene , 2014, Scientific reports.

[3]  F. Xia,et al.  The renaissance of black phosphorus , 2015, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[4]  Q. Yan,et al.  Hittorf's phosphorus: the missing link during transformation of red phosphorus to black phosphorus , 2017 .

[5]  Jun Wang,et al.  Liquid exfoliation of solvent-stabilized few-layer black phosphorus for applications beyond electronics , 2015, Nature Communications.

[6]  Mohammad Asadi,et al.  High‐Quality Black Phosphorus Atomic Layers by Liquid‐Phase Exfoliation , 2015, Advanced materials.

[7]  J. Coleman,et al.  Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials , 2011, Science.

[8]  Likai Li,et al.  Black phosphorus field-effect transistors. , 2014, Nature nanotechnology.

[9]  D. Akinwande,et al.  Flexible black phosphorus ambipolar transistors, circuits and AM demodulator. , 2015, Nano letters.

[10]  Mengwei Si,et al.  The Effect of Dielectric Capping on Few-Layer Phosphorene Transistors: Tuning the Schottky Barrier Heights , 2014, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[11]  S. Koester,et al.  Cyclical Thinning of Black Phosphorus with High Spatial Resolution for Heterostructure Devices. , 2017, ACS applied materials & interfaces.

[12]  Xianfan Xu,et al.  Phosphorene: an unexplored 2D semiconductor with a high hole mobility. , 2014, ACS nano.

[13]  H Zhao,et al.  Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy of Two‐Dimensional Materials Beyond Graphene , 2017 .

[14]  E. Hwang,et al.  Black phosphorus nonvolatile transistor memory. , 2016, Nanoscale.

[15]  W. Choi,et al.  Air-stable few-layer black phosphorus phototransistor for near-infrared detection , 2017, Nanotechnology.

[16]  Recent progress in the assembly of nanodevices and van der Waals heterostructures by deterministic placement of 2D materials. , 2017, Chemical Society reviews.

[17]  Beiju Huang,et al.  Thickness-dependent Raman spectra, transport properties and infrared photoresponse of few-layer black phosphorus , 2015 .

[18]  Bo Song,et al.  Photothermal Effect Induced Negative Photoconductivity and High Responsivity in Flexible Black Phosphorus Transistors. , 2017, ACS nano.

[19]  Liqin Su,et al.  Temperature coefficients of phonon frequencies and thermal conductivity in thin black phosphorus layers , 2015 .

[20]  Andres Castellanos-Gomez,et al.  Environmental instability of few-layer black phosphorus , 2014, 1410.2608.

[21]  Gyu-Tae Kim,et al.  Few-layer black phosphorus field-effect transistors with reduced current fluctuation. , 2014, ACS nano.

[22]  Nidhi Singh,et al.  Large Area Fabrication of Semiconducting Phosphorene by Langmuir-Blodgett Assembly , 2016, Scientific reports.

[23]  Mingqiang Huang,et al.  Broadband Black‐Phosphorus Photodetectors with High Responsivity , 2016, Advanced materials.

[24]  Rostislav A. Doganov,et al.  Transport properties of ultrathin black phosphorus on hexagonal boron nitride , 2015 .

[25]  F. Xia,et al.  Rediscovering black phosphorus as an anisotropic layered material for optoelectronics and electronics. , 2014, Nature communications.

[26]  Shen Lai,et al.  Plasma-Treated Thickness-Controlled Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus and Its Electronic Transport Properties. , 2015, ACS nano.

[27]  Hua Xu,et al.  Identifying the crystalline orientation of black phosphorus using angle-resolved polarized Raman spectroscopy. , 2015, Angewandte Chemie.

[28]  G. Steele,et al.  Fast and broadband photoresponse of few-layer black phosphorus field-effect transistors. , 2014, Nano letters.

[29]  P. Cao,et al.  Black Phosphorus Based Field Effect Transistors with Simultaneously Achieved Near Ideal Subthreshold Swing and High Hole Mobility at Room Temperature , 2016, Scientific Reports.

[30]  M. Demarteau,et al.  Tunable transport gap in phosphorene. , 2014, Nano letters.

[31]  A. Abbas,et al.  Raman Sensitive Degradation and Etching Dynamics of Exfoliated Black Phosphorus , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[32]  S. Min,et al.  Direct imprinting of MoS2 flakes on a patterned gate for nanosheet transistors , 2013 .

[33]  Zhixian Zhou,et al.  Polarized photocurrent response in black phosphorus field-effect transistors. , 2014, Nanoscale.