LEWIS FRY RICHARDSON AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS TO MATHEMATICS, METEOROLOGY, AND MODELS OF CONFLICT

▪ Abstract The life and major scientific contributions of Lewis Fry Richardson (1881–1953) are reviewed, with particular emphasis on his pioneering work in numerical analysis, meteorology, and numerical weather prediction. His later work on mathematical modeling of psychology, causes of conflict, and the statistics of wars is outlined in terms understandable to fluid dynamicists. It is included because it led to Richardson's discovery of one aspect of fractals, an analytical technique now recognized as valuable in the study of complex fluid motions.

[1]  Benoit B. Mandelbrot,et al.  Fractal Geometry of Nature , 1984 .

[2]  L. Richardson.  Could an Arms-Race end Without Fighting? , 1951, Nature.

[3]  Sir Geoffrey Taylor.  The Present Position in the Theory of Turbulent Diffusion , 1959 .

[4]  D. F. Mayers,et al.  The deferred approach to the limit in ordinary differential equations , 1964, Comput. J..

[5]  E. C. Poulton,et al.  The effects of wind on people; New criteria based on wind tunnel experiments , 1976 .

[6]  L. Richardson.  A purification method for computing the latent columns of numerical matrices and some integrals of differential equations , 1950, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[7]  A. Yaglom.  A. N. Kolmogorov as a Fluid Mechanician and Founder of a School in Turbulence Research , 1994 .

[8]  S. Link,et al.  Bias in Quantifying Judgments , 1989 .

[9]  L. Richardson,et al.  Atmospheric Diffusion Shown on a Distance-Neighbour Graph , 1926 .

[10]  L F Richardson,et al.  A Freehand Graphic way of determining Stream Lines and Equipotentials , 1907 .

[11]  L. Richardson.  Some Measurements of Atmospheric Turbulence , 1921 .

[12]  Lewis F. Richardson,et al.  Weather Prediction by Numerical Process , 1922 .

[13]  L. Richardson.  Mathematical Psychology of War , 1935, Nature.

[14]  H. G. Forder,et al.  Generalized foreign politics , 1939 .

[15]  J. Neumann,et al.  Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation , 1950 .

[16]  L. Richardson.  The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, with an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam , 1911 .

[17]  Balth. van der Pol Jun..  LXXXVIII. On “relaxation-oscillations” , 1926 .

[18]  L. Richardson.  QUANTITATIVE MENTAL ESTIMATES OF LIGHT AND COLOUR , 1929 .

[19]  L. Richardson,et al.  Loudness and Telephone Current , 1930 .

[20]  F. W. Lanchester,et al.  Aircraft in Warfare: The Dawn of the Fourth Arm , 1995 .

[21]  A. Hollingsworth.  Validation and diagnosis of atmospheric models , 1994 .

[22]  L. Richardson.  Mathematical Theory of Population Movement , 1941, Nature.

[23]  A. Kolmogorov,et al.  The local structure of turbulence in incompressible viscous fluid for very large Reynolds numbers , 1991, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical and Physical Sciences.

[24]  LEWIS F. RICHARDSON.  Frequency of Occurrence of Wars and other Fatal Quarrels , 1941, Nature.

[25]  THRESHOLDS WHEN SENSATION IS REGARDED AS QUANTITATIVE , 1928 .

[26]  Lewis F. Richardson.  War-moods: II , 1948 .

[27]  Lewis F. Richardson,et al.  Statistics Of Deadly Quarrels , 1960 .

[28]  L F Richardson,et al.  The problem of contiguity : An appendix to statistics of deadly quarrels , 1961 .

[29]  L. Richardson,et al.  The Deferred Approach to the Limit. Part I. Single Lattice. Part II. Interpenetrating Lattices , 1927 .

[30]  L. Richardson,et al.  NOTE ON EDDY DIFFUSION IN THE SEA , 1948 .

[31]  H. Piaggio.  Generalized Foreign Politics , 1939, Nature.

[32]  P. Lynch.  Richardson's forecast factory: the $64000 question , 1993 .

[33]  L. Richardson.  Imagery, Conation, and Cerebral Conductance , 1929 .

[34]  PG Drazin.  Collected papers of Lewis Fry Richardson , 1995 .

[35]  G. Batchelor.  Diffusion in a field of homogeneous turbulence , 1952, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society.