Current rectification in temperature-responsive single nanopores.

Herein we demonstrate a fully abiotic smart single-nanopore device that rectifies ionic current in response to the temperature. The temperature-responsive nanopore ionic rectifier can be switched between a rectifying state below 34 degrees C and a non-rectifying state above 38 degrees C actuated by the phase transition of the poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) [PNIPAM] brushes. On the rectifying state, the rectifying efficiency can be enhanced by the dehydration of the attached PNIPAM brushes below the LCST. When the PNIPAM brushes have sufficiently collapsed, the nanopore switches to the non-rectifying state. The concept of the temperature-responsive current rectification in chemically-modified nanopores paves a new way for controlling the preferential direction of the ion transport in nanofluidics by modulating the temperature, which has the potential to build novel nanomachines with smart fluidic communication functions for future lab-on-chip devices.

[1]  Reinhard Neumann,et al.  Ionic transport through single solid-state nanopores controlled with thermally nanoactuated macromolecular gates. , 2009, Small.

[2]  J. Lai,et al.  Functional Polymers from Novel Carboxyl-Terminated Trithiocarbonates as Highly Efficient RAFT Agents , 2002 .

[3]  Carla B. Swearingen,et al.  Direct immobilization of Fab' in nanocapillaries for manipulating mass-limited samples. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[4]  W. Huck,et al.  Surface grafted polymer brushes as ideal building blocks for "smart" surfaces. , 2006, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[5]  Javier Cervera,et al.  Ionic conduction, rectification, and selectivity in single conical nanopores. , 2006, The Journal of chemical physics.

[6]  Ernö Pretsch,et al.  Hybridization-modulated ion fluxes through peptide-nucleic-acid- functionalized gold nanotubes. A new approach to quantitative label-free DNA analysis. , 2007, Nano letters.

[7]  C. Zukoski,et al.  STUDY OF ANION ADSORPTION AT THE GOLD-AQUEOUS SOLUTION INTERFACE BY ATOMIC-FORCE MICROSCOPY , 1994 .

[8]  David Needham,et al.  Functional bionetworks from nanoliter water droplets. , 2007, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[9]  Matsuhiko Nishizawa,et al.  Controlling Ion‐Transport Selectivity in Gold Nanotubule Membranes , 2001 .

[10]  Reimar Spohr,et al.  Diode-like single-ion track membrane prepared by electro-stopping , 2001 .

[11]  Ilya Zharov,et al.  PNIPAAM-modified nanoporous colloidal films with positive and negative temperature gating. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[12]  Meni Wanunu,et al.  Chemically modified solid-state nanopores. , 2007, Nano letters.

[13]  Matsuhiko Nishizawa,et al.  Metal Nanotubule Membranes with Electrochemically Switchable Ion-Transport Selectivity , 1995, Science.

[14]  J Justin Gooding,et al.  The ion gating effect: using a change in flexibility to allow label free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridisation. , 2003, Chemical communications.

[15]  Xinjian Feng,et al.  Design and Creation of Superwetting/Antiwetting Surfaces , 2006 .

[16]  Jian Xu,et al.  First observation of two-stage collapsing kinetics of a single synthetic polymer chain. , 2006, Physical review letters.

[17]  S. Thayumanavan,et al.  Molecular discrimination inside polymer nanotubules. , 2008, Nature nanotechnology.

[18]  C. R. Martin,et al.  Electromodulated molecular transport in gold-nanotube membranes. , 2002, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[19]  O. Teschke,et al.  Dielectric exchange force: a convenient technique for measuring the interfacial water relative permittivity profile , 2001 .

[20]  C. Amatore,et al.  Theory of ion transport in electrochemically switchable nanoporous metallized membranes. , 2009, Chemphyschem : a European journal of chemical physics and physical chemistry.

[21]  K. Jirage,et al.  Effect of thiol chemisorption on the transport properties of gold nanotubule membranes. , 1999, Analytical chemistry.

[22]  Reinhard Neumann,et al.  Electro-responsive asymmetric nanopores in polyimide with stable ion-current signal , 2003 .

[23]  Jennifer Griffiths,et al.  The realm of the nanopore. Interest in nanoscale research has skyrocketed, and the humble pore has become a king. , 2008, Analytical chemistry.

[24]  Ilya Zharov,et al.  Polymer-modified opal nanopores. , 2006, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[25]  Róbert E. Gyurcsányi,et al.  Chemically-modified nanopores for sensing , 2008 .

[26]  S Sampath,et al.  Dewetting phenomenon: interfacial water structure at well-organized alkanethiol-modified gold-aqueous interface. , 2007, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[27]  Horst Vogel,et al.  An integrated self-assembled nanofluidic system for controlled biological chemistries. , 2008, Angewandte Chemie.

[28]  Z. Siwy,et al.  Ion‐Current Rectification in Nanopores and Nanotubes with Broken Symmetry , 2006 .

[29]  A. Alcaraz,et al.  A pH-tunable nanofluidic diode: electrochemical rectification in a reconstituted single ion channel. , 2006, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[30]  Kaihsu Tai,et al.  Not ions alone: barriers to ion permeation in nanopores and channels. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[31]  T. Fujigaya,et al.  NIR Laser‐Driven Reversible Volume Phase Transition of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube/Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Composite Gels , 2008 .

[32]  Henry S White,et al.  Photon gated transport at the glass nanopore electrode. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[33]  Fumihiko Tanaka,et al.  Cooperative Hydration, Chain Collapse, and Flat LCST Behavior in Aqueous Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) Solutions , 2005 .

[34]  P. Bohn,et al.  Temperature-controlled flow switching in nanocapillary array membranes mediated by poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) polymer brushes grafted by atom transfer radical polymerization. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[35]  J. Kleijn,et al.  The electrical double layer on gold probed by electrokinetic and surface force measurements. , 2002, Journal of colloid and interface science.

[36]  Guangzhao Zhang,et al.  Collapse and swelling of thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes monitored with a quartz crystal microbalance. , 2005, The journal of physical chemistry. B.

[37]  A. Majumdar,et al.  Rectification of ionic current in a nanofluidic diode. , 2007, Nano letters.

[38]  M. Ulbricht,et al.  Permeability and electrokinetic characterization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) capillary pore membranes with grafted temperature-responsive polymers. , 2007, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[39]  Xu Hou,et al.  A biomimetic potassium responsive nanochannel: G-quadruplex DNA conformational switching in a synthetic nanopore. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[40]  Q. Ouyang,et al.  Asymmetric properties of ion transport in a charged conical nanopore. , 2007, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[41]  Xu Hou,et al.  Gating of single synthetic nanopores by proton-driven DNA molecular motors. , 2008, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[42]  R. Spohr,et al.  Transport properties of thermo-responsive ion track membranes , 2001 .

[43]  Zuzanna Siwy,et al.  DNA-nanotube artificial ion channels. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[44]  Thomas P. Russell,et al.  Nanoporous Membranes with Ultrahigh Selectivity and Flux for the Filtration of Viruses , 2006 .

[45]  Jennifer Griffiths,et al.  The Realm of the Nanopore , 2008 .

[46]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Reversible switching between superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity. , 2004, Angewandte Chemie.

[47]  Bo Zhang,et al.  Electrostatic-gated transport in chemically modified glass nanopore electrodes. , 2006, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[48]  Jun Gao,et al.  Swelling and Shrinking of Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) Chains Adsorbed on the Surface of Polystyrene Nanoparticles , 2000 .

[49]  Dezso Boda,et al.  Combined effect of pore radius and protein dielectric coefficient on the selectivity of a calcium channel. , 2007, Physical review letters.

[50]  Reinhard Neumann,et al.  Single conical nanopores displaying pH-tunable rectifying characteristics. manipulating ionic transport with zwitterionic polymer brushes. , 2009, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[51]  Chi Wu,et al.  Globule-to-Coil Transition of a Single Homopolymer Chain in Solution , 1998 .

[52]  M. Grunze,et al.  Electrokinetic Characterization of Oligo- and Poly(ethylene glycol)-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold and Glass Surfaces , 2003 .

[53]  B. Hille,et al.  Ionic channels of excitable membranes , 2001 .

[54]  C. Dekker.  Solid-state nanopores. , 2007, Nature nanotechnology.

[55]  Basit Yameen,et al.  Facile molecular design of hybrid functional assemblies with controllable transport properties: mesoporous films meet polyelectrolyte brushes. , 2009, Chemical Communications.

[56]  I. Zharov,et al.  Poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate)-modified nanoporous Colloidal films with pH and ion response. , 2008, Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids.

[57]  Royce W Murray,et al.  Nanoelectrochemistry: metal nanoparticles, nanoelectrodes, and nanopores. , 2008, Chemical reviews.

[58]  Z. Siwy,et al.  Conical-nanotube ion-current rectifiers: the role of surface charge. , 2004, Journal of the American Chemical Society.

[59]  Lei Jiang,et al.  Dual‐Responsive Surfaces That Switch between Superhydrophilicity and Superhydrophobicity , 2006 .

[60]  Anne-Sophie Duwez,et al.  Microstructure and thermo-responsive behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes grafted in nanopores of track-etched membranes , 2008 .

[61]  Xu Hou,et al.  Learning from nature: building bio-inspired smart nanochannels. , 2009, ACS nano.

[62]  A. Alcaraz,et al.  Dielectric saturation of water in a membrane protein channel. , 2009, Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP.

[63]  Jiwook Shim,et al.  Stochastic sensing on a modular chip containing a single-ion channel. , 2007, Analytical chemistry.