Balanced Scorecard Development: A Review of Literature and Directions for Future Research

The field of performance measurement (PM) has evolved rapidly in the last two decades with the development of new measurement systems such as Balanced Scorecard (BSC), performance prism, performance pyramid, economic value added (EVA), economic profit (EP) and self-assessment techniques. Arguably, these developments have come in response to the rapidly increasing accounting problems that emerge when the measurement of business units’ performance is only based on traditional financial accounting measures such as the return-on-investment (ROI) and the earnings-per-share (EPS). In most business units, there are intangible assets that are not be recognized on the balance sheet but may significantly contribute to the business units’ performance. Traditional accounting methods focus only on financial performance, thus neglecting many non-financial aspects. Further, these traditional financial measures direct attention to short-term performance and may give misleading signals for continuous improvement and innovation-activities that are extremely important for today’s competitive environment.

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