Expressing and Challenging Racist Discourse on Facebook: How Social Media Weaken the “Spiral of Silence” Theory

[1]  Na Yeon Lee,et al.  The spiral of silence and journalists' outspokenness on Twitter , 2014 .

[2]  Jörg Matthes,et al.  A Spiral of Silence for Some: Attitude Certainty and the Expression of Political Minority Opinions , 2010, Commun. Res..

[3]  Lawrence R. Ness,et al.  Are We There Yet - Data Saturation in Qualitative Research (TQR Published).pdf , 2015 .

[4]  David Domke,et al.  The Spiral of Silence and Public Opinion on Affirmative Action , 2001 .

[5]  Nayla Fawzi,et al.  Can online exemplars trigger a spiral of silence? Examining the effects of exemplar opinions on perceptions of public opinion and speaking out , 2017, New Media Soc..

[6]  Ariadna Matamoros-Fernández Platformed racism: the mediation and circulation of an Australian race-based controversy on Twitter, Facebook and YouTube , 2017 .

[7]  E. Noelle-Neumann The Theory of Public Opinion: The Concept of the Spiral of Silence , 1991 .

[8]  J. Bird,et al.  Racialization: the genealogy and critique of a concept , 2001, Ethnic and racial studies.

[9]  M. Williams,et al.  Cyber-hate on social media in the aftermath of Woolwich , 2015 .

[10]  C. Fuchs Racism, Nationalism and Right-Wing Extremism Online: The Austrian Presidential Election 2016 on Facebook , 2016, Critical Theory and Authoritarian Populism.

[11]  Tamara Shepherd,et al.  Histories of Hating , 2015 .

[12]  P. Bakker,et al.  Engaging the Social News User , 2014 .

[13]  Robert J. Topinka Politically incorrect participatory media: Racist nationalism on r/ImGoingToHellForThis , 2018, New Media Soc..

[14]  E. Noelle-Neumann The Spiral of Silence A Theory of Public Opinion , 1974 .

[15]  Sherice Gearhart,et al.  "Was It Something I Said?" "No, It Was Something You Posted!" A Study of the Spiral of Silence Theory in Social Media Contexts , 2015, Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw..

[16]  Sherice Gearhart,et al.  Same Spiral, Different Day? Testing the Spiral of Silence Across Issue Types , 2018, Commun. Res..

[17]  Sarah Florini,et al.  This Week in Blackness, the George Zimmerman acquittal, and the production of a networked collective identity , 2017, New Media Soc..

[18]  Shannon M. Rauch,et al.  Advancing racism with Facebook: Frequency and purpose of Facebook use and the acceptance of prejudiced and egalitarian messages , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[19]  Johan Farkas,et al.  Cloaked Facebook pages: Exploring fake Islamist propaganda in social media , 2018, New Media Soc..

[20]  A. Schulz,et al.  The Spiral of Silence and the Internet: Selection of Online Content and the Perception of the Public Opinion Climate in Computer-Mediated Communication Environments , 2012 .

[21]  Weiwu Zhang,et al.  Gay Bullying and Online Opinion Expression , 2014 .

[22]  Daniela van Geenen,et al.  Mediating the Black Pete discussion on Facebook: Slacktivism, flaming wars, and deliberation , 2014, First Monday.

[23]  K. Hazel Kwon,et al.  Is Aggression Contagious Online? A Case of Swearing on Donald Trump's Campaign Videos on YouTube , 2017, HICSS.

[24]  Ian Rowe,et al.  Civility 2.0: a comparative analysis of incivility in online political discussion , 2015 .

[25]  Ariadna Matamoros Fernández,et al.  Hate Speech and Covert Discrimination on Social Media: Monitoring the Facebook Pages of Extreme-Right Political Parties in Spain , 2016 .

[26]  Bernhard Rieder,et al.  Studying Facebook via data extraction: the Netvizz application , 2013, WebSci.

[27]  Jennifer Gibbs,et al.  Social media as a catalyst for online deliberation? Exploring the affordances of Facebook and YouTube for political expression , 2013, Comput. Hum. Behav..

[28]  Arthur D. Santana Virtuous or Vitriolic , 2014 .

[29]  Michael McDevitt,et al.  Spiral of Moderation: Opinion Expression in Computer-Mediated Discussion , 2003 .

[30]  Ana-Maria Bliuc,et al.  ‘It’s okay to be racist’: moral disengagement in online discussions of racist incidents in Australia , 2016 .

[31]  Sung-Yeon Park,et al.  Selective Posting: Willingness to post a message online , 2011, J. Comput. Mediat. Commun..

[32]  Irfan Chaudhry,et al.  #Hashtagging hate: Using Twitter to track racism online , 2015, First Monday.

[33]  Megan Elise Komorowski This is why we can't have nice things , 2013 .

[34]  M. Brewer The Psychology of Prejudice: Ingroup Love and Outgroup Hate? , 1999 .

[35]  Barbara Perry Disrupting the Mantra of Multiculturalism , 2015 .

[36]  Dominic L. Lasorsa,et al.  Political Outspokenness: Factors Working against the Spiral of Silence , 1991 .